In the southern region, the multi-matured planting system has a wide area. The sweet and waxy corn are mainly net, with some intercropping areas. Representative planting patterns include:
1. More than one year cooked. Sweet and waxy maize in the plains, shallow hill regions, and dry and warm dry river valleys are mainly mixed with rice or vegetable crops or continuous cropping during the year, or used as a combination of multiple cooked crops. Such as winter and spring vegetables / sweet waxy corn / autumn vegetables (vegetable jade dishes model), wheat / peanut or watermelon / sweet waxy corn, rape - sweet waxy corn, and wheat (canola) - sweet waxy corn - late rice, sweet waxy corn +Vegetables - Modes of medium rice, medium rice - autumn winter corn (sweet corn). In Guangdong Province, rice-sweet, waxy corn-sweet, waxy corn or vegetable-sweet, waxy-maize-rice rotation models are used; Shanghai: Three-year-old corn type: greenhouse corn-summer corn-autumn corn-vegetable; corn Vegetable type: corn-corn-vegetable-vegetable; corn rice type: corn-rice-vegetable.
2. Two cooked meals a year. Potted mountainous areas were interplanted. Mainly small spring crops (potato, rape, wheat, barley, broad beans, peas, etc.) interplanting, multiple cropping corn.
3. A year cooked. In alpine mountainous areas, spring maize is mainly cooked every year, and some potato and spring corn ribbons, intercropping or spring corn are soy and sweet potatoes.
4. Sets of vegetables, economic plants. Maize rows of vegetables, peanuts, konjac, watermelons and mushrooms and other vegetables, cash crops or Chinese herbal medicines. A new model for the development of cassava and sugarcane intercropping maize in Guangxi.
5. Winter corn. Some winter sweet and waxy corn were developed in Hainan Province and in the south of Guangdong, Yunnan, Guangxi and Guizhou.
With planting method
1. With interplanting. Taking sheds as the standard, corn and other crops are interplanted. For example, in the southwest China, the “double twenty-five†(wheat and corn account for 0.83 m each) and the double six-twin (wheat and maize each account for 2 m) form a multi-maturity intercropping system with corn as the center.
2. Adding and mixing. With other crops as the main body, corn is mixed irregularly between rows, landsides, and mantles. For example, in the suburbs of Chengdu Plain, the "bimmel sweet and glutinous corn", the southeast Sichuan corn, the young orchards in the mountainous area, and the intercropping plants are mixed corn.
3. Multiple crop rotation.
Sowing date determined
The heat resources in the South are sufficient, and the climate, ecological conditions, and planting systems are complex. The sowing of sweet and waxy corn is mainly affected by cornices, precipitation conditions, temperature, and markets. The sowing date should be determined according to the following principles:
1. Determine the sowing date based on meteorological and ecological factors. Sweet and glutinous corn seed germination power and top soil force are lower than normal corn, and the requirements for soil moisture content and ground temperature are relatively strict. The timing of early sowing or transplanting in spring sowing time should be stable at 10–10 cm (10–20 cm) and -12 °C (sweet corn), generally 7–10 days later than normal corn. Early sowing, low soil temperature, germination, seedling growth is slow, easy to cause seedlings.
The sweet and waxy corn cultivation modes are divided into greenhouse cultivation, small ring shed (arch shed) cultivation, plastic film cultivation and open field cultivation. The cultivation mode is different and the sowing time is different. Late autumn or early spring through the film cultivation, especially greenhouses and small sheds covered with plastic film, can be postponed or advanced sowing; generally use plastic film cover can be 7-10 days earlier, the use of film seedling transplanting can be sowed 10-15 days earlier. Appropriate sowing date of summer maize should be considered during flowering and loosening of corn to avoid high temperature and drought. The minimum sowing date of autumn seeds is as long as they can ensure that the temperature during grain filling is above 18°C ​​and the fresh ear can be harvested normally. Early and mid-maturing varieties are selected, and in the later period, greenhouses or sheds can be utilized. Autumn corn can be appropriately delayed in sowing date.
The average daily temperature of sweet corn is stable above 12°C and is suitable for sowing. In the seedling and jointing stages, the minimum growth temperature is 10°C, and the optimum temperature is 18°C-20°C. In the booting and tasseling period, the lower limit temperature is 17°C, the upper limit temperature is 35°C, and the optimum temperature is 24°C-26°C; The optimum temperature during the grain filling period is about 24°C, and 0°C is the lethal temperature. The temperature has a great influence on the speed of maize seedling emergence. At 10°C-12°C, it will emerge after 18-20 days of general sowing, but long-term low temperature will form the seedlings and weak seedlings after planting; at the time of 15-18°C, 8-10 The seedlings emerged at the age of 20-35°C and emerged in 5-6 days with the highest emergence rate. After exceeding 40°C, the seedlings stopped growing.
When maize absorbs 48%-50% of the dry weight of the seed, it will germinate normally. When the soil moisture in the 5-10 cm soil layer is 60% of the maximum water holding capacity in the field, the seed germination needs can be met. When the soil moisture is about 70% of the maximum water holding capacity in the field, the emergence rate is fast and the emergence rate is high. When the soil moisture is more than 80% of the field water holding capacity, due to excessive soil moisture and insufficient air, it is easy to rot and affect seedling emergence.
2. Determine the sowing date according to the market. Fresh sweet and waxy corn are highly commodity and the sowing date should be rationally arranged according to the local market, the processing capacity and needs of the processing enterprise, and the characteristics of the variety. The growth period of fresh corn is shorter, usually 80-100 days. To effectively extend the harvesting period and processing time, spring, summer, autumn and winter sowing can be carried out, with the planting of early, middle and late varieties and sowing in stages. Spring sowing can also be used nursery and greenhouses, small sheds, mulching and other early sowing techniques and open-field cultivation, in order to stage harvesting, elongated green ear supply time, a balanced listing. Sowing to harvest time, the general spring sowing 80-90 days, summer sowing 70-80 days, autumn sowing 80-90 days, winter corn 100-120 days. Planting in stages can be planted once every 10-15 days.
It should be noted that although the temperature during summer sowing is high and germination and emergence are rapid, the vegetative growth period will be shortened and the yield of the ear will be reduced.
3. Anti-season planting. The purpose of annual production and balanced supply is achieved through the use of anti-season summer cultivation in the winter or high altitude areas. Summers in the south of the Yangtze River basin in China are hot, and the average monthly temperature is often above 28°C, and the maximum temperature is above 35°C. This seriously affects the pollination of maize, which leads to a decline in seed setting rate, yield, and commodity quality. Many low-altitude areas avoid 5, 6 Sowing in the month resulted in insufficient market supply from July to September. The use of high-altitude and high-altitude (1000-2800 m) off-season planting can improve the supply of off-season fresh corn in the plain and low-lying areas in summer.
The whole province of Hainan, the coast of southwestern Guangdong, Dehong in Yunnan, and southern Zhangzhou in Fujian can grow sweet and waxy corn all year round. Winter corn must be selected in areas where there is no frost on the anniversary. At the same time, flowering pollination period should be adopted to avoid the occurrence of the local minimum temperature, so as to arrange the sowing period. Generally lower than 18 °C will affect the spinning and pollination, and it will not be strong enough.
4. Determine the sowing date according to the planting method. Interplanting corn in combination with local ecological conditions and the growth period of maize, focusing on the coordination of the two crops during the period of symbiosis, the symbiotic period of not more than 20 days is appropriate. In areas with seasonal drought and low temperature accumulation, mulching or seedling transplanting techniques can be applied to expand the sweet and waxy corn planting areas.
In the seedling emergence process of maize, if extreme weather conditions (such as low temperature, frost, hail, drought, flood, etc.), pests and diseases, and improper management affect the seedling conservation, and the plant density in the field is lower than 60% of the expected density, consideration may be given in time. Interplant some dwarf legume crops, replant them, or replant crops such as potatoes, beans and vegetables.
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