Unconventional feed ingredients are those feed ingredients that are used less often in formulas or that have less knowledge of nutrient characteristics and feed value. Unconventional feed ingredients are a relative concept. Feed ingredients used in different regions and different livestock and poultry diets are different. In a certain region or a diet, they are unconventional feed ingredients in another region or in another. The diet may be conventional feed ingredients. Unconventional feed ingredients are different from traditional feed habits. Common unconventional feeds include wheat bran, rice bran, bean dregs, distiller's grains, sweet potatoes, straw, and leaves. Characteristics of Unconventional Feed Raw Materials Unconventional feed raw materials mainly come from agricultural and sideline products and food industry by-products, and are important feed resources. According to their nutritional characteristics, they are divided into four major categories: unconventional energy feed ingredients, unconventional vegetable protein feed ingredients, unconventional animal protein feed ingredients, and food industry by-products. Characteristics of livestock and poultry utilization of unconventional raw materials Ruminants are more likely to use non-conventional feeds than monogastric animals. Pigs can use unconventional feeds better than poultry. Water birds can use unconventional feeds better than chickens, but water birds can feed Poisons are more sensitive than chickens, and adult animals use unconventional feeds better than young animals. Due to the low nutrient concentration of non-conventional feed, the amount of livestock and poultry used for breeding should be higher than that of growing and finishing livestock and poultry (on the premise that there is no harmful ingredient for livestock and poultry used for breeding). Unreasonable use of non-conventional feed ingredients Due to the limitations of non-conventional feed ingredients, care must be taken to properly handle and adjust the use of non-conventional feed ingredients according to the actual conditions of the various feed ingredients. When used, pay attention to its nutritional properties, anti-nutritional components, physical properties, and economic value. To rationally use unconventional feed ingredients, the following measures must be considered to increase its nutritional value and feed efficiency. Through appropriate processing, the physical properties of unconventional feed ingredients are improved, palatability and digestibility are improved, and the proportion of use in rations is increased. For example, the palatability of certain inferior feeds can be improved by fermentation, pulverization, puffing, or microwave treatment, and the digestibility of certain animal protein raw materials can be improved by adding enzymes to the pretreatment. Feed ingredients containing anti-nutritional factors or toxicants are detoxified or detoxified by the use of certain additives or processing. For example, p-glucanase, xylanase, cellulase, etc. are used in diets containing non-starch polysaccharide-containing non-conventional feed ingredients and their by-products; in diets containing high levels of phytic acid, Phytase; In a cottonseed mash containing gossypol, ferrous sulfate and the like are added. When using new non-conventional feed ingredients, it is advisable to directly analyze or assess the feed composition and energy value, especially the available nutrient content. For example, effective energy, effective lysine, available phosphorus, etc., or use or reference reliable feed data. Formulation design, according to the non-conventional feed ingredients nutrient concentration, volume and harmful ingredient content, determine the maximum amount in the diet. For example, breeding stocks, laying hens, and ducks can be used to properly increase the amount of low nutrient and bulk feed ingredients. When designing the formula, pay attention to the nutritional characteristics of various raw materials, balance important limiting amino acids, and adjust the amount of vitamins and trace elements. The commonly used non-conventional feed wheat bran contained wheat bran containing 8% to 9% of crude fiber, thiamine, niacin and choline content is the most abundant. Wheat gluten is soft and palatability is good. The use of wheat bran to feed the amount of livestock and poultry can not be too much, but can not be fed alone for a long time, otherwise it will easily lead to calcium deficiency in livestock and poultry. The appropriate amount of wheat bran used for feeding livestock and poultry is: the feeding pig cannot exceed 15% of the diet, the feeding chick cannot exceed 5% of the diet, and the laying hen cannot exceed 10% of the diet. Rice bran contains rich oils and crude protein. Rice bran has high energy, but it is easily degraded during long-term storage. Therefore, fresh rice bran is used when formulating compound feed. For compounded feeds for pigs, the amount of rice bran should not exceed 30%. Otherwise, the pigs will diarrhea and the fattening pigs will easily form soft fat, resulting in poor pork quality. Bean dregs Raw soybean dregs contain anti-trypsin. Anti-trypsin will hinder the digestion and absorption of protein by livestock and poultry. Therefore, it must be cooked and then fed, otherwise it is easy to cause diarrhea in livestock and poultry. Okara lacks vitamins and minerals, so it should be properly matched with refined, roughage and green feed, and the amount should not exceed 30% of the total amount of feed. Deteriorated bean dregs can never be fed. Distiller's grains Distiller's grains are rich in crude protein, vitamin B, potassium, and phosphate, but they have low calcium content and alcohol residues. Therefore, they must be fed with green feed and compound feed, and should not be fed to pregnant animals. Sweet potato and sweet potato contain 16%~26% of starch, and the single feed is incomplete nutrition. The raw feed is not easy to digest and absorb. Therefore, the sweet potato should be cooked and mixed with compound feed and green feed. The leaves of the leaves, willow leaves, eucalyptus leaves, etc. can be directly fed to ruminants such as cattle and sheep. For feeding pigs and chickens, they need to be processed into leaf powder and then mixed into the feed. Young leaves can be generally fed fresh (Amorpha fruticosa and peach leaves should not be fed). Collect a large amount of collected leaves in a timely manner, or use a drying machine (temperature is 50 °C ~ 60 °C) to dry, crush, and then put the plastic bag in a cool dry place for storage. Green leaves can also be mixed with grass to make silage. Prunus edulis, walnuts, plum trees and other trees have bitter astringents and poor palatability. These leaves should be fed with appropriate amounts after silage or fermentation. Straw and subshells are processed into powder by drying the straw and subshells of corn, rapeseed, rice and legumes. Before soaking, it is soaked in water for 8 hours to 12 hours. After softening, it is mixed with green feed or compound feed. Can also be straw, sub-shell by alkalization, ammoniation silage and other processing after feeding.
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