The modern pig production requires the breeding pigs to be balanced throughout the year to ensure that the hogs are marketed in batches and meet the market demand all the year round to obtain sustained and stable economic benefits. Therefore, the best breeding must be grasped in the use of breeding pigs. At the stage, strength utilization is carried out during the appropriate breeding stage. When the reproductive performance is declining, it should be eliminated in time so as to effectively reduce the production cost.
Utilization of boars
The suitable breeding age of young pigs will continue to increase after breeding. When it reaches 2 to 3 years old, it is the period with the highest fertility. With the increase of age, sexual function will gradually decline until sexual failure. Under normal circumstances, young boars (aged 1 to 3 years old) have a strong sexual desire, rapid sexual reflexes, and good semen quality, which can result in high conception rates for sows. At the same time, boars of this age range are physically flexible, have strong limbs, and have less limb and foot disease. Older boars have poor libido, slow sexual reflexes, significant weight and bulkiness (large varieties up to 350 kg to 400 kg), inflexible limbs, often accompanied by light or severe limb and foot disease, and poor ability to breed. Therefore, boars are generally used for only 2 to 3 years. For boars longer than 3 years, they should be eliminated in time unless they are particularly well conceived and have a particularly high fertility rate.
When the appropriate frequency of use is to adopt the seasonal centralized breeding management mode, an adult boar can be used to breed 1 to 2 times per day, but it is necessary to ensure that it is closed at least once a week; young boars are to be bred once a day for continuous breeding. After 3 days, rest 1 day to 2 days; older boars can be bred twice a day and rest for 1 day after 3 days of continuous breeding. The following frequencies can be used in large-scale pig farms: when boars of 8 months to 12 months of age are naturally mated, they are bred twice a week. When artificial insemination is performed, sperm is collected once a week; boars older than 12 months are naturally At the time of mating, breeding is performed 3 times per week. When artificial insemination is performed, sperm is collected once every 5 days.
Appropriate semen quality Regardless of what kind of breeding method is used, conditional farms must always check semen quality, require sperm viability above 0.8, medium density, and malformation rate should not exceed 10%. The normal semen color is milky white or off-white, with a slight odor and no other color or abnormal smell. There must be a half-month trial training before the reserve boars are bred, and at least two semen should be checked. If the semen is unqualified, it cannot participate in breeding.
Utilization of sows
Appropriate breeding age Practice has proven that the mortality of sows born at the first and fifth stage of pregnancy is higher. The juvenile sows (1 to 6 fetuses) have obvious estrus symptoms, high conception rate, many productive and strong heads, strong piglet viability, rapid growth and development, high yield of sows, and strong nurturing ability. Old pigs have the disadvantage of a significant decline in fertility. Although the number of births may not be too small, the lactation capacity is deteriorating, and often individuals with low or no milk appear. They are physically bulky and have sluggish movements, and are prone to deafness and leg problems. Problems such as pressing the pigs easily can lead to accidental death. In elderly sows, the abdomen muscles are loose. When breastfeeding on the side, the 2 to 3 nipples in the lower row are difficult to expose. If the necessary assistance is not given to normal breastfeeding, the newborn piglets will often die of freezing and hunger. In addition, older breeder pigs have poorer offspring ability to live, have slow growth, and often suffer from bad individuals due to genetic mutations. According to modern management requirements, sows are generally used from 5 to 6 children, and individuals with excellent reproductive performance can use 7 to 8 children.
The appropriate breeding weight of gilts should be weighed regularly to ensure proper body weight. For the imported pig breeds, large breeds and late mature breeds, the body weight should reach about 90 kg at the age of 6 months, and the body weight should reach 120 to 130 kg at the age of 8 months. For local breeds, small breeds, and early maturing varieties, it is generally around 6 months of age. When the body weight reaches 50 kg to 60 kg, it is appropriate for the first time. If the sow is overweight, it may cause reproductive problems or fewer births; if the sow is too small, it will affect the lactation capacity and its normal development after the birth. The practice of breeding shows that the sow (150 kilograms) with a larger body weight initially has a lower conception rate and the embryos die. The lighter weight sows (120 kilograms) not only have low embryo mortality, but also have less weight loss during lactation and do not suffer from postpartum sputum and other diseases.
Appropriate breeding time studies showed that within 6 hours after ovulation and 14 hours after ovulation, embryo survival rates were 88% and 32%, respectively. Sows generally ovulate from 24 hours to 36 hours after estrus. The peak period is about 31 hours. The time for eggs to maintain fertilization in the body is 8 hours to 12 hours, and the sperm can survive in the sow for 10 hours to 20 hours. The time for fertilization is 2 hours to 3 hours. Timely breeding can ensure that the sperm and egg are combined when the vitality is the strongest, ensuring that the discharged eggs are all fertilized to form the embryo. Early and late mating can affect the fertility rate. Even if fertilized, the fertilized egg does not have a strong vitality and will easily die in the middle. Using this method, the appropriate breeding time is the first time the sow has estrus performance 24 hours after the first allocation, interval 10 hours to 12 hours to compound. For artificial insemination, two inseminations can be used. The first insemination is performed 12 hours after the sow has continued to heat, and the second insemination is performed 10 hours to 12 hours after the first. In actual production, the appropriate timing should be flexibly selected based on the age and breed of the sow. The common law is that "the old match is early, the match is late, and the middle is not small", "cultivated varieties should be equipped early, local varieties should be late, and hybrid varieties are in the middle". The specific time was controlled so that the best breeding time of old sows was within 24 hours after the onset of estrus and 37 hours at the latest. The young sows were 36 hours and 60 hours respectively, and the middle-aged sows were 30 hours and 30 hours respectively. 48 hours.
The results of suitable breeding methods showed that the number of production of two breedings was higher than that of one breeding, but there was no difference with breeding of more than three times. Common breeding methods include single breeding and repeated breeding (sows use one boar for 2 times in one love period, 8 hours to 12 hours apart) and double breeding (sows use 2 boars during one love period). Once in each breeding period (15 minutes to 30 minutes), multiple breedings can also be conducted (sows use multiple boars to breed several times in one affection period, with an interval of 8 hours to 12 hours), but as long as 2 breedings are successful The use of multiple breeding methods is not promoted. Farmers can choose suitable methods according to conditions and needs to achieve the purpose of increasing birth. In order to increase the utilization rate of excellent boars and also to reduce the cost of breeding, artificial insemination should be actively promoted. However, gilts should not use artificial insemination as much as possible, and it is better to use this kind of intercourse; boars and sows must not be too disparate in their physical size, requiring the boar to be slightly larger than the sow.
Appropriate weaning time In order to improve the utilization rate of sows, pig farms with proper nursery conditions should adopt the method of early weaning and choose to wean in 28 days to 30 days so that one sow can produce 2 nests per year. Nest, compared with traditional methods, the use of feeding methods can improve the breeding efficiency and save feed costs; sows who adopt early weaning feeding methods can generally be estrus and breed at 5 days to 7 days after weaning. The conception rate is 90%. ~95%.
Utilization of boars
The suitable breeding age of young pigs will continue to increase after breeding. When it reaches 2 to 3 years old, it is the period with the highest fertility. With the increase of age, sexual function will gradually decline until sexual failure. Under normal circumstances, young boars (aged 1 to 3 years old) have a strong sexual desire, rapid sexual reflexes, and good semen quality, which can result in high conception rates for sows. At the same time, boars of this age range are physically flexible, have strong limbs, and have less limb and foot disease. Older boars have poor libido, slow sexual reflexes, significant weight and bulkiness (large varieties up to 350 kg to 400 kg), inflexible limbs, often accompanied by light or severe limb and foot disease, and poor ability to breed. Therefore, boars are generally used for only 2 to 3 years. For boars longer than 3 years, they should be eliminated in time unless they are particularly well conceived and have a particularly high fertility rate.
When the appropriate frequency of use is to adopt the seasonal centralized breeding management mode, an adult boar can be used to breed 1 to 2 times per day, but it is necessary to ensure that it is closed at least once a week; young boars are to be bred once a day for continuous breeding. After 3 days, rest 1 day to 2 days; older boars can be bred twice a day and rest for 1 day after 3 days of continuous breeding. The following frequencies can be used in large-scale pig farms: when boars of 8 months to 12 months of age are naturally mated, they are bred twice a week. When artificial insemination is performed, sperm is collected once a week; boars older than 12 months are naturally At the time of mating, breeding is performed 3 times per week. When artificial insemination is performed, sperm is collected once every 5 days.
Appropriate semen quality Regardless of what kind of breeding method is used, conditional farms must always check semen quality, require sperm viability above 0.8, medium density, and malformation rate should not exceed 10%. The normal semen color is milky white or off-white, with a slight odor and no other color or abnormal smell. There must be a half-month trial training before the reserve boars are bred, and at least two semen should be checked. If the semen is unqualified, it cannot participate in breeding.
Utilization of sows
Appropriate breeding age Practice has proven that the mortality of sows born at the first and fifth stage of pregnancy is higher. The juvenile sows (1 to 6 fetuses) have obvious estrus symptoms, high conception rate, many productive and strong heads, strong piglet viability, rapid growth and development, high yield of sows, and strong nurturing ability. Old pigs have the disadvantage of a significant decline in fertility. Although the number of births may not be too small, the lactation capacity is deteriorating, and often individuals with low or no milk appear. They are physically bulky and have sluggish movements, and are prone to deafness and leg problems. Problems such as pressing the pigs easily can lead to accidental death. In elderly sows, the abdomen muscles are loose. When breastfeeding on the side, the 2 to 3 nipples in the lower row are difficult to expose. If the necessary assistance is not given to normal breastfeeding, the newborn piglets will often die of freezing and hunger. In addition, older breeder pigs have poorer offspring ability to live, have slow growth, and often suffer from bad individuals due to genetic mutations. According to modern management requirements, sows are generally used from 5 to 6 children, and individuals with excellent reproductive performance can use 7 to 8 children.
The appropriate breeding weight of gilts should be weighed regularly to ensure proper body weight. For the imported pig breeds, large breeds and late mature breeds, the body weight should reach about 90 kg at the age of 6 months, and the body weight should reach 120 to 130 kg at the age of 8 months. For local breeds, small breeds, and early maturing varieties, it is generally around 6 months of age. When the body weight reaches 50 kg to 60 kg, it is appropriate for the first time. If the sow is overweight, it may cause reproductive problems or fewer births; if the sow is too small, it will affect the lactation capacity and its normal development after the birth. The practice of breeding shows that the sow (150 kilograms) with a larger body weight initially has a lower conception rate and the embryos die. The lighter weight sows (120 kilograms) not only have low embryo mortality, but also have less weight loss during lactation and do not suffer from postpartum sputum and other diseases.
Appropriate breeding time studies showed that within 6 hours after ovulation and 14 hours after ovulation, embryo survival rates were 88% and 32%, respectively. Sows generally ovulate from 24 hours to 36 hours after estrus. The peak period is about 31 hours. The time for eggs to maintain fertilization in the body is 8 hours to 12 hours, and the sperm can survive in the sow for 10 hours to 20 hours. The time for fertilization is 2 hours to 3 hours. Timely breeding can ensure that the sperm and egg are combined when the vitality is the strongest, ensuring that the discharged eggs are all fertilized to form the embryo. Early and late mating can affect the fertility rate. Even if fertilized, the fertilized egg does not have a strong vitality and will easily die in the middle. Using this method, the appropriate breeding time is the first time the sow has estrus performance 24 hours after the first allocation, interval 10 hours to 12 hours to compound. For artificial insemination, two inseminations can be used. The first insemination is performed 12 hours after the sow has continued to heat, and the second insemination is performed 10 hours to 12 hours after the first. In actual production, the appropriate timing should be flexibly selected based on the age and breed of the sow. The common law is that "the old match is early, the match is late, and the middle is not small", "cultivated varieties should be equipped early, local varieties should be late, and hybrid varieties are in the middle". The specific time was controlled so that the best breeding time of old sows was within 24 hours after the onset of estrus and 37 hours at the latest. The young sows were 36 hours and 60 hours respectively, and the middle-aged sows were 30 hours and 30 hours respectively. 48 hours.
The results of suitable breeding methods showed that the number of production of two breedings was higher than that of one breeding, but there was no difference with breeding of more than three times. Common breeding methods include single breeding and repeated breeding (sows use one boar for 2 times in one love period, 8 hours to 12 hours apart) and double breeding (sows use 2 boars during one love period). Once in each breeding period (15 minutes to 30 minutes), multiple breedings can also be conducted (sows use multiple boars to breed several times in one affection period, with an interval of 8 hours to 12 hours), but as long as 2 breedings are successful The use of multiple breeding methods is not promoted. Farmers can choose suitable methods according to conditions and needs to achieve the purpose of increasing birth. In order to increase the utilization rate of excellent boars and also to reduce the cost of breeding, artificial insemination should be actively promoted. However, gilts should not use artificial insemination as much as possible, and it is better to use this kind of intercourse; boars and sows must not be too disparate in their physical size, requiring the boar to be slightly larger than the sow.
Appropriate weaning time In order to improve the utilization rate of sows, pig farms with proper nursery conditions should adopt the method of early weaning and choose to wean in 28 days to 30 days so that one sow can produce 2 nests per year. Nest, compared with traditional methods, the use of feeding methods can improve the breeding efficiency and save feed costs; sows who adopt early weaning feeding methods can generally be estrus and breed at 5 days to 7 days after weaning. The conception rate is 90%. ~95%.
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