Progress in radiological health protection standards and its significance

Progress in radiological health protection standards and its significance

(National Radiological Health Protection Standards Committee contributed, Zhou Yiyuan wrote)

Basic situation

1, radiation health protection

Large to nuclear power plants, as small as the luminous table and common x-ray fluoroscopy, ct examination and radiation therapy are all examples of the widespread use of ionizing radiation in the national economy and public life. The application of ionizing radiation, while bringing great benefits to humans, may also cause radiation damage or cause genetic damage to humans. Therefore, it is necessary to protect the ionizing radiation, control the illumination of the personnel below the allowable level, and avoid all unnecessary radiation to prevent the occurrence of radiation accidents to avoid large doses of accidents.

Radiation protection is a comprehensive discipline that protects radiation workers and the general public and their descendants from unnecessary ionizing radiation exposure, also known as radiation protection or radiation protection. It is a sub-discipline of hygiene related to the risk factors of ionizing radiation. It is based on radiobiological effects research and radiological epidemiological investigation from the perspective of assessing hazards and is closely related to radiology.

2, radiation health protection standards

Radiological health protection standards are designed to control the exposure of ionizing radiation and the pollution of radioactive materials to protect the health and safety of radiation workers and the general public. The main content is the limits and control of radiation exposure of various types of personnel under different conditions. Level and corresponding behavioral norms. Therefore, radiological health protection standards are mainly mandatory national first-level standards . Only standards involving measurement and evaluation methods and parameters are recommended standards, and industry standards are only a few.

As of August 2005, a total of 77 radiological protection standards have been issued, and a series of radiological protection standards have been initially formed. According to the standard classification, there are 50 mandatory standards and 27 recommended standards. For standard classification, it includes 47 national occupational health standards, 23 national standards, and 7 industry standards. In addition, there are dozens of standards currently being developed or revised.

3. National Radiological Health Protection Standards Committee

In April 1981, the Ministry of Health decided to add a sub-committee on radiological health protection standards to the National Health Standards Technical Committee, which is mainly responsible for the standardization management of radiological health protection standards planning, organization and drafting, review and approval, and interpretation. Up to now, the National Radiological Health Protection Standards Committee has been in the fifth session. The composition of the Radiological Health Protection Standards Committee has always maintained the characteristics of the health department and the nuclear industry, the military, the academy, universities and other system members.

In September 1985, the National Health Standards Technical Committee clearly linked the Radiological Health Protection Standards Committee to the Industrial Hygiene Laboratory of the Ministry of Health (now renamed the Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Nuclear Disease Prevention and Control), until now.

II Basic standards for radiation protection
In the field of ionizing radiation radiation protection, the most important basic standard is the basic standard for radiation protection. Its contents include the basic principles of radiological protection and its application in occupational exposure, medical exposure and public exposure, as well as the intervention of accident exposure, quantitative estimation of radiation hazard and the determination of various protection standards and control levels accordingly. Methods, adopt the principles and basis of various radiation protection measures, and guide the safety application of radioactive sources. It is the most important basis for the development of all sub-special standards for radiation protection.

1. As early as 1960, in order to cooperate with the start of China's atomic energy industry and ensure the health and safety of radiation workers and residents, the Ministry of Health and the State Science and Technology Commission jointly issued and implemented the Interim Provisions on the Health Protection of Radioactive Work. And the “Technical Regulations for Maximum Allowance for Ionizing Radiation”, the “Sanitary Protection Rules for Radioisotope Work” and the “Notes for Health Inspection of Radioactive Workers”, which provide for the reception of ionizing radiation by radiation workers and neighbors of radioactive workplaces. The maximum allowable dose of exposure, the hygienic protection requirements for radioactive work, and the requirements for health checks for radioactive workers have laid a solid foundation for the development of basic standards for radiological protection in the future.

2. In 1974, on the basis of the relevant documents of 1960, after supplementing and revising, the national standard "radiation protection regulations" (gbj8-74) was compiled, and the radiation protection of ionizing radiation was specified by seven chapters, 48 ​​articles and five appendices. The various technical requirements of its management have become a relatively complete basic standard for radiological protection, which is jointly issued by the State Planning Commission, the State Construction Commission, the Ministry of Health and the National Defense Science and Technology Commission. The deputy director and some members of the first sub-committee on radiological health protection standards established later were responsible for or participated in the drafting of the above-mentioned relevant documents or standards.

3. In 1983, the Ministry of Health organized the Radiation Hygiene Protection Standards Committee to revise the relevant provisions on health protection, medical care and human health in the national standard gbj8-74 in accordance with the standardized management scope of the State Council and the scope of duties of the Ministry of Health. The national standard "Basic Standard for Radiation Health Protection" (gb4792-84) was issued in 1984; and the other contents of gbj8-74 organized by the State Environmental Protection Agency, mainly the radioactive three waste management part, were revised until 1988 as "radiation protection". The Regulations (gb8703-88) are released.

4. In 1994, the Ministry of Health, the State Environmental Protection Administration, the National Nuclear Safety Administration, and the Nuclear Industry Corporation formed a joint formation group. The National Health Standards Technical Committee Radiological Health Protection Standard Subcommittee and the National Nuclear Energy Technology Standardization Technical Committee Radiation Protection Subcommittee With the support and participation, the gb4792-84 and gb8703-88 were revised at the same time. Based on the International Commission on Radiological Protection Publication No. 60 and the International Atomic Energy Agency No. 115 Safety Series, the basic standards for radiation protection in China were compiled. In 2002, it was released as the national standard "Basic Standard for Protection of Ionizing Radiation and Radiation Sources" (gb 18871-2002), thus ending the coexistence of the two basic standards gb4792-84 and gb8703-88. In addition to the basic standards of radiological protection, the Radiation Protection Standards Committee has organized other basic standards for terminology, commonly used quantities and units, dose conversion factors and dose estimation methods, and annual intake limits.

Third, the standard of occupational exposure

1. In October 1989, the State Council promulgated the Regulations on Radiological Protection of Radioisotopes and Radiation Devices (Order No. 43), which stipulates that the health department is responsible for the radiological protection of radioisotopes and radiation devices. Radiation protection for occupational exposure has always been the focus of radiation protection at home and abroad. The Radiation Hygiene Protection Standards Committee has been responsible for x-ray and gamma ray inspection, industrial gamma ray ct, gamma ray and electron beam irradiation equipment, and oil ( Gas, field logging, container inspection systems, x-ray diffractometers and fluorescence analyzers, nuclear detection instruments and other applications for sealed sources, radioactive luminescent coatings and gas lamp gauze, and open radioactive workplaces for rare earth production, airborne personnel Radiological health protection standards have been established for radiation exposure; personal monitoring specifications for occupational external, internal and skin contamination, and personal dose monitoring methods for neutron logging and film dosimeter standards have also been developed. In addition, there are many radiological protection standards for medical exposures, as well as radiation protection requirements for occupational health workers.

2. In October 2001, in accordance with the provisions of the Law on the Prevention and Control of Occupational Diseases, the Ministry of Health formulated and issued a series of national occupational health standards numbered by gbz. As a special radiological operation for the state, the Radiological Health Protection Standards Committee is responsible. The standard for occupational exposure to radiation protection is naturally also among them. For example, the radiological health protection standards for large container/vehicle security systems have played a very good role in safeguarding the health of workers and promoting the application of the security inspection system. This security inspection system, which is mainly used for customs inspection and anti-smuggling purposes, is not only applied to the Ministry of Railways, Many departments, such as the Ministry of Space, have also entered more than 10 countries and regions such as Australia and the United Arab Emirates. For example, in order to cope with the pre-evaluation of occupational disease hazards and the evaluation of occupational hazard control effects on construction projects in accordance with the requirements of the Law on the Prevention and Control of Occupational Diseases, radiological occupational hazards for construction projects in open and non-open radiation workplaces and radiation installations are being drafted. The evaluation report is written to better standardize the preparation of such evaluation reports.

Fourth, the standard of medical exposure

1. Ionizing radiation is widely used in medical diagnosis or treatment in the fields of x-ray radiology, nuclear medicine and radiation therapy. To this end, the Radiation Hygiene Protection Standards Committee has developed a number of radiological protection standards for medical exposure, including x-ray diagnosis. And radiation therapy standards for treatment, gamma-ray teletherapy and post-loaded brachytherapy, medical electron accelerators, clinical nuclear medicine and radionuclide application, as well as radiopharmaceutical applications, medical radioactive waste management, etc. Radiation protection performance of the equipment and its operational requirements, radiation protection requirements for doctors and patients, quality assurance for diagnostic or therapeutic work, and hospital radioactive waste management, as well as special patient protection standards and personnel training practices, all of which are It plays an important role in promoting the medical application of ionizing radiation and ensuring the health and safety of all patients.

2. In recent years, medical radiation and the radiation equipment used have made great progress. Various medical large-scale radiation devices and their application technologies have been continuously introduced. The number of users and the frequency of their use have grown tremendously, such as various X-ray ct, x-knife and gamma knife, spect and pet, cr and dr, gamma camera, digital subtraction angiography, and the like. To this end, the Radiological Health Protection Standards Committee has continuously reviewed, cleaned and revised and supplemented the original standards, and has also organized a number of new standards, especially patient protection and quality control testing standards and shielding protection design standards, in order to Good cooperation with the future medical radiation access system, such as x-ray film and see-through devices and x-ray ct, x-knife and gamma knife, medical accelerator, post-loading gamma source, seed source, mammography, digital subtraction system and Digital imaging devices and patient protection and quality control testing and evaluation specifications for applications in nuclear magnetic resonance devices, the latter having x-ray ct, shielding design specifications for various radiation therapy devices.

V. Standards for public exposure

1. The exposure caused by residential sputum is a problem that attracts people's attention in public exposure. Among the standards for public exposure protection formulated by the Radiological Health Protection Standards Committee, there have been consumer concerns about building sputum and building materials. And several standards of its measurement, the earliest of which is the "Determination of Radiation Hygiene Protection of Building Materials" (gb6566-86) formulated by the Committee, and later organized the "Control Standard for the Concentration of Housing Internal Helium" (gb/t16146-1995) And "Underground Buildings and Their Control Standards" (gb16356-1996) and organized the review of the building materials industry standard "Classification Control Standard for Radiation Protection of Natural Stone Products" (jc518-93), and several corresponding 氡 measurement methods Standards and test evaluation specifications provide a sufficient basis for the selection of qualified building materials and the construction of standards-compliant dwellings to protect the health of residents. Later, in view of the public's great concern, the General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine (AQSIQ) unveiled the national standard “Determination of Radiation Hygiene of Building Materials” (gb6566-2001) at the end of 2001 to replace gb6566-86 and its revised version gb6566-2000 and some other departments. Similar standards, the new standard is the responsibility of the China Academy of Building Materials Science, the committee sent personnel to participate in the revision and review.

2. Consumer products containing radioactive materials will also cause exposure to the public during sales and use, and are also an important aspect of public exposure. Although the radioactivity in consumer products containing radioactive materials is not very strong, and some are even close to or below the level of exemption, the resulting exposure of personnel is very limited, but because it is difficult to manage and control once it is sold to the public, the exposed population The public members who are relatively wide and lack professional protection knowledge have gradually paid attention to their exposure. The key to the management of consumer products containing radioactive materials is: There should be certain radiological protection requirements for the product and its design. The styling products can only be sold in the market after passing the radiological health protection testing and evaluation and after examination and approval. The level, content, procedures and requirements of the exemption should be clarified. The Radiation Hygiene Protection Standards Committee has developed the general standard "radiation health protection standards for consumer products containing radioactive substances" (gb16353-1996), and has also developed ion smoke detectors, luminescent coating products, dental porcelain and daily-use ceramics. The corresponding special standards.

3. In addition to the above, there are also radioactive limit standards for food and drinking water involved in public exposure. Currently, only the standard of food radioactive limit and its test method are applicable to accidents. The drinking water standard applicable to normal conditions is also Disseminated in other health standards, it is now drafting a special standard for radioactive limits for food and drinking water to facilitate supervision and accident response. The radioactive limit standard in phosphate fertilizers is that the radioactive food chain transfer may indirectly affect public exposure. Other standards for geothermal water applications and x-ray bag inspection systems involve both public and occupational exposures.

Sixth, other radiation health protection standards

There are still some other criteria that can be roughly attributed to the following three categories:

1. Standards for nuclear accidents and radiation accidents, including the level of accident intervention and medical treatment, the principle of dose estimation for personal external exposure accidents, public dose estimation during nuclear accident emergency, and guidelines for the use of potassium iodide in iodine pollution accidents.

2. Standards for radioactive measurement methods, especially the standard for gamma spectroscopy of radionuclides in water, air, soil, biological, and low specific activity samples, and the standard for alpha energy spectrum analysis of radionuclides.

3. Performance indicators and measurement method standards for radiation protection equipment.

Source: Popular Science Window