The stages of the perinatal period, the early stage of milk production, the middle stage of milk production, the late stage of milk production and the dry period of milk production should be based on factors such as the physiological condition of the cow, the amount of milk produced, and the condition of body moisture, combined with the feed supply conditions. Corresponding feeding and management methods. 1. The perinatal period of perinatal period generally refers to the period from 15 days before delivery to 15 days after delivery of dairy cows. Before birth, it should be: 1. Increase the fine material from the beginning of perinatal period, from the original 4 kg per cow per day, increase by 0.3 kg per day, until no more than 6 kg per day. 2. For high-quality hay, the daily feed should not be less than 0.5% of the body weight, and hay with a length of more than 5 cm should account for more than half. 3. Low-calcium diet (calcium 0.3-0.4% of total dry matter, total calcium is 50-90 grams per cow per day), calcium-to-phosphorus ratio 1:1; high calcium consumption after delivery Diet (calcium occupies 0.7% of dietary dry matter), calcium/phosphorus ratio of 1.5:1 or 2:1 to prevent postpartum delirium in cows. 4. Before 15 days or 7 days after delivery, the cow will be moved into the delivery room to reduce the exercise and provide high quality green and rough feeds that are easily digested and absorbed. Do a good job of preparing for the production. 5. It is better not to change the feed from 1 week before delivery to 3 weeks after delivery. When the cows are delivered, 500 grams of bran, 50 grams of salt, 50 grams of stone powder, and 10 kilograms of water are mixed and fed to the cows, or they are fed with Motherwort Cream (250 grams of motherwort and 1.5 kilograms of water to make yimeng cream, plus brown sugar 1). Kilograms, water 3 kg, preheated to 40 °C to feed the cows, once a day, even feed 3 days), in order to facilitate the recovery of cattle and tire discharge, promote net row of lochia and early recovery of the uterus. In the first week after delivery, the cows have weaker bodies, reduced digestive function and decreased appetite. They can only feed a small amount of dilute concentrate, and can add a little salt to improve feed palatability. Feed more high-quality forage or hay to promote digestion and absorption. Always supply more water when feeding hay. One week after childbirth, most dairy cows had udder edema, lochia was basically discharged, appetite was good, and digestive function was normal. At this time, the concentrate can be gradually increased, high-quality hay can be fed, and the feed can be controlled to feed the green and blue succulent feed. Early lactation should not be prematurely fed milk, so as not to cause weight loss, metabolic disorders. Severe breast edema, the beginning can not squeeze the colostrum several times, in principle, enough calf to drink, in order to promote the disappearance of breast edema. At this stage, 0.3 kg of fine material is added to the diet daily until 6.5-7 kg per day. For roughage, 15 kg of corn silage is fed per cow per day, within 3 kg of rootstock, hay is freely fed, and the minimum amount is 3 kg per cow per day. Dietary dry matter occupies 2.5-3% of body weight. The dry matter content per kilogram contains 2.3-2.5 cow energy units, 18-19% of crude protein, 0.7-1% of calcium, 0.5-0.7% of phosphorus, and more than 15% of crude fiber. . Second, the pre-lactation feeding and management of pre-lactation has a vital role in promoting the arrival of dairy lactation peak period, prolonging the peak period of milk production and increasing milk production during lactation. Should do the following: 1, using induction feeding method. In the premise that the ratio of the crude coarse grain of the diet is not more than 60:40, and the crude fiber content is not less than 15%, the concentrate is actively fed and 0.3 kg of fine material is added daily. 15 days after childbirth, according to the appetite of the cows and the daily milk yield (by the ratio of milk to feed 2.5-3:1), concentrates should be fed until the peak of milk production, but the daily feed should not exceed 10 kg. At the same time to ensure the supply of high-quality roughage, crude roughage ratio of 60:40, in order to ensure the normal fermentation of the rumen, to avoid ruminal acidosis, true stomach dislocation and decreased milk fat rate. If the dairy cows have poor body condition, they can feed the more nutritious diets to ensure that the dairy cows are estrus within 90 days after delivery, and that they will be in time for breeding and abortion. The proportion of roughage should be adjusted to 40-45:60-55. 2, to provide quality hay, such as oysters and so on. 3. The level of dietary nutrient is controlled in principle: dry matter intake accounts for 2.5-3.5% of body weight, 2.3-2.45 cow energy unit per kilogram of dry matter, calcium content is 0.6-0.9%, phosphorus is 0.4-0.6%, coarse Protein 17.5-19%, crude fiber about 15%, crude material dry matter ratio 60:40. 4, squeeze milk as much as possible every milking to stimulate milk secretion. Maintain a steady supply of feed, increase the supply of green and juicy feed, increase exercise and water supply. Pay attention to the prevention of cattle stress, especially to avoid high temperature effects. 5. For individuals with a daily milk output of 45 kilograms and a significant drop in body condition scores, they should be fed an inert hydrogenated fatty acid salt to achieve 5-7% fat content in dietary dry matter; high non-degradable protein content Feeds, such as bred cottonseed (1.5 kg per head per day); buffers or other buffers for the production of high-yielding dairy cows, supplemented with magnesium oxide and sodium bicarbonate. Third, the mid-lactating mid-lactation dairy cows had the most appetite, and the dry matter intake of diets reached the highest (after a slight decrease), and the milk production gradually decreased from the peak. In order to maintain milk production at a relatively high level, the dairy cows should not fall too fast and gradually recover their body weight without gaining too much weight. Therefore, the following points should be followed in raising: 1. "With milk," with lactation The amount of reduction gradually reduces the amount of concentrate. 2. Feed a full-priced diet that is diverse and well-behaved. While reducing concentrates, increase the amount of roughage as much as possible. To meet the nutritional needs of dairy cows. 3, slightly increase the fine material for the lean cattle, in order to facilitate the recovery of body condition; moderate to upper body condition of the cow to reduce the fine material, so as to avoid excessive obesity. 4. The level of dietary nutrients was adjusted to: The dry matter intake of the diet accounted for 3-3.3% of the body weight, the net milk production energy was 2.1-2.25 cow energy units per kilogram, calcium 0.6-0.8%, phosphorus 0.35-0.6%, crude protein 14-15%, crude fiber 16-17.5%, crude dry matter ratio 45:55-50:50. IV. Late lactation and dry milk At this stage, the milk output of dairy cows has dropped to the lowest level, or milk production has stopped. Ingestion of nutrients is mainly used for maintenance, repair of body tissues, fetal growth, and pregnancy deposition. Feeding should be based on the nutritional needs of the cows to adjust to a suitable state and prevent over-obesity. Feed should be dominated by coarse material. The level of dietary nutrients was adjusted to: the dietary dry matter intake accounted for 2.8-3.2% of body weight, the net milk production energy per unit of 2.1-2.2 cows per kilogram, crude fiber 13-15%, calcium 0.4-0.65%, phosphorus 0.3-0.5 %, crude fiber 18-21%, rough ratio 30:70-40:60. When dairy cows have been producing milk for about 10 months and daily milk production is only a few kilograms, the cows can be treated with dry milk. The general approach is to reduce the amount of green and juicy feed, gradually reduce the number of milking, and change the milking time so that the cattle gradually stop producing milk. If milk production is very low, milking can be stopped directly to achieve dry milk. Dry-dairy dairy cows are usually reared in two stages: dry and early dry milk. From the beginning of dry milk to the first 15 days before calving, it is the early period of dry milk, 2 weeks before calving to the late period of dry milk (also known as pre-period). Dry pre-dairy diets are mainly based on roughage, with appropriate concentrates. Concentrate consumption accounts for 0.6-0.9% of body weight, generally 3.5-5 kg ​​per day, and dietary crude fiber content is not less than 19%. For young cows giving birth for the first time, a feed intake of 10-18% is added to prevent the cattle from becoming overweight after giving birth. The diet of dry cows must be made of good quality, easily digestible feed, and the use of low-nutrient roughage and juicy feed should be limited. In addition, the supply of clean drinking water, the best summer water temperature control at around 10 °C, about 15 °C in winter, avoid drinking ice water. During the first week of dry milk, observe the condition of the breast. If there is a lump, the cow is uneasy and must be treated promptly. After the condition is improved, dry the milk again. In the first half of the month after giving birth, cows were given medium-upper nutritional levels. The amount of concentrate can be increased based on the body condition, appetite, type of feces, and expected milk production. The concentrate is generally increased to 1-1.5 kg per 100 kg body weight and the crude fiber level is not less than 17%. Concentrate is gradually increasing and it increases by 0.3% kilogram per day. When an anorexia phenomenon occurs in dairy cows, it is not possible to increase the fine material, so that after anorexia is eliminated, fine concentrates are added. For cows with excessive breast swelling or severe edema a few days before the birth, appropriate concentrates should be reduced, juicy feed should be stopped, and the amount of salt should be reduced. When fed with wet concentrates, concentrates should not be too wet. Twenty days before the onset of labor, feeding low-calcium diets reduced the dry matter calcium content of the diet to 0.2% and reduced the amount of salt. In the 2-3 days before delivery, anionic salt feed can be fed to prevent milk fever in dairy cows. In order to prevent constipation, the amount of bran-dried feed such as wheat bran should be properly increased in concentrates, which can account for 15-23% of concentrates. The breasts were carefully examined late in the dry period and there was immediate treatment of the breast inflammation. In addition, during the whole dry period, the cows should be allowed to exercise freely in order to reduce their dystocia; to prevent crowding, not to feed deteriorating feeds, not to drink ice water, not to rinse cows with cold water, to prevent cows from falling down, slipping, and strengthening fetuses.
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