Wireless Sensor Network (Wireless Sensor Network) is an emerging technology that integrates sensor technology, embedded computing technology, modern network and wireless communication technology, and distributed information processing technology. It has a wide range of application scenarios.
With the development of technology, WSN (Wireless Sensor Network) will have a profound impact on many aspects of medical practice. This paper mainly describes the architecture of wireless sensor network medical monitoring system and the general principles of monitoring node design.
Wireless sensor network architecture
A large number of sensor nodes are arranged in the monitoring area, the nodes are organized in a self-organizing manner, and data is forwarded by using wireless communication technology. Each node has the dual functions of data collection and data fusion and forwarding. The node performs preliminary data processing and information fusion on the information collected by itself and the information forwarded to it by other nodes, and then transmits it to the base station by means of relay transmission by the adjacent node, and then transmits the data to the end user through the base station by means of the Internet, satellite, or the like.
Nodes are the basic functional units of wireless sensor networks. The specific applications are different, and the design of nodes is not the same. The basic components of the sensor node are: a sensing unit, a processing unit, a communication unit, and a power supply unit. In addition, functional units such as positioning systems, mobile systems, and power supply self-powered systems can be added depending on the specific application requirements.
The application of wireless sensor networks in medical treatment
Wireless sensor networks use their own advantages (such as low cost, simple, fast, real-time non-invasive collection of various physiological parameters of patients, etc.), making them available in medical research, hospital/ICU wards, or daily household monitoring. Great development potential is a hot topic in the current research field.
A micro sensor node for detecting human parameters is placed on the patient, and the physiological parameters such as heart rate, blood pressure, electrocardiogram, heart sound and the like can be remotely monitored in real time, and the information is collectively transmitted to the monitoring center for timely processing and feedback; WSN collects the human physiological data of the observed person for a long time, which is helpful for understanding the health of the human body and studying human diseases. In addition, it has its own unique applications in drug management and the development of new drugs, blood management and many other aspects. In summary, wireless sensor networks provide a simpler, lower-cost implementation of future telemedicine monitoring systems.
Medical architecture based on wireless sensor network
The medical monitoring system based on wireless sensor network is mainly composed of medical sensor nodes, medical monitoring base stations (medical SINK nodes) and community/hospital monitoring centers.
The medical sensor node and the monitoring base station form a personal/home or ward wireless sensor network, and multiple such networks can form a community or an entire hospital monitoring network, or even a larger range of telemedicine monitoring systems. First, the medical sensor node collects physiological parameters of the human body, and after the simple processing of the collected parameters, the data is transmitted to the base station directly or indirectly hop by hop by means of wireless communication. The monitoring base station further processes the data and forwards it to the monitoring center. The monitoring center performs analysis and processing, and timely feedbacks the patient. The monitoring center can also use a variety of methods (Internet, mobile communication network, etc.) for remote data transmission and share information with other monitoring centers.
Medical sensor node design
The basic structure of the medical sensor node includes a processing module, a sensor module and a wireless transceiver module, and a power supply module.
The sensor module is used to sense, acquire, and convert external sensor signals. It is the module that the entire node is really in contact with external semaphores. However, medical sensors are measured by living bodies. Especially the human body can be said to be the most complicated system in the world, and there is a high correlation between various physiological variables and it is not easy to approach. Therefore, medical sensors should take out the predicted physiological quantities from a large number of phenomena, and obtain reliable and meaningful measurement data, while ensuring the safety of the object to be tested.
Since the human body parameters are mostly weak signals, generally only a few mV level, or even lower, and there are a variety of noise (measuring environmental noise, instrument and human body friction noise and instrument itself noise, etc.), power frequency interference (there is 50 around the measurement environment) Unfavorable factors such as Hz electromagnetic fields) and various noises. Therefore, in the design of a specific medical sensor node, an analog circuit processing module is added, and the module generally includes the following parts: an amplifying circuit, a filtering circuit, a trap circuit, and an analog-to-digital (A/D) conversion circuit. In the node design, the amplifying circuit generally adopts multi-stage amplification (three or four stages). The final stage amplifying circuit generally has a level boosting function in addition to the amplification function; the filtering circuit should satisfy the circuit's simple and reasonable cutoff frequency and flexibility. Convenient adjustment of high and low pass cutoff frequency and other requirements, reasonable filtering of high frequency and low frequency interference in the signal; notch circuit: currently widely used symmetrical double T RC active trap or integrated switched capacitor device and asymmetric Resistor capacity network traps, etc. In short, the analog circuit processing module mainly performs amplification, filtering, notching and the like on the collected signals, removes noise and interference in the signals, and extracts useful signals.
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