Vitamins play a crucial role in the reproductive performance of pigs, and their inclusion in pig diets is essential. This article explores the mechanisms of action of vitamins A, B, D, and E, as well as the consequences of their deficiencies and excesses in swine. Vitamins are low-molecular-weight organic compounds that are vital for maintaining normal physiological functions in animals. Though not a primary component of tissues or a direct energy source, they are indispensable for metabolic processes. Many vitamins function as coenzymes, which are essential for the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. They regulate nutrient synthesis and breakdown, thus controlling overall metabolism. A deficiency in these nutrients can disrupt coenzyme production, leading to metabolic disorders, diseases, and impaired reproductive performance.
Fat-soluble vitamins such as A, D, E, and K are stored in the body and absorbed along with dietary lipids. While vitamin K can be synthesized in the gut, the others must come from the diet. These vitamins are closely linked to lipid absorption, and when fat absorption is poor, so is the uptake of fat-soluble vitamins. This can lead to deficiencies that affect fertility. Conversely, excessive intake may cause toxicity, as these vitamins are not easily excreted.
Vitamin A is essential for epithelial cell development, reproductive function, and embryonic growth. It helps maintain the integrity of reproductive organs and supports hormone synthesis. Deficiency leads to issues like mucosal atrophy, reduced fertility, and developmental abnormalities in piglets. Toxicity occurs when levels exceed normal amounts, causing symptoms like skin lesions and neurological problems. Recommended levels vary by stage, with piglets needing around 1,000–2,000 IU/kg of feed.
B-complex vitamins act as coenzymes in energy metabolism, influencing reproductive health. For example, riboflavin (B2) is critical for energy transfer, while pantothenic acid (B5) supports CoA, vital for metabolic pathways. Vitamin B12 aids in amino acid and nucleic acid synthesis, affecting protein metabolism and fertility. Deficiencies can lead to reduced conception rates, weak piglets, and impaired lactation. Proper supplementation ensures optimal reproductive outcomes.
Vitamin D regulates calcium and phosphorus balance, essential for bone health and reproduction. Deficiency causes skeletal deformities, reduced fertility, and weak offspring. Excess can lead to kidney damage and other toxic effects. The recommended daily intake for pigs ranges between 150–220 IU/kg.
Vitamin E acts as an antioxidant, protecting cells and supporting reproductive health. Deficiency leads to infertility, fetal loss, and muscular degeneration. Unlike vitamins A and D, it is generally non-toxic, but high doses may interfere with vitamin K metabolism. Adding 35 mg/kg to boar diets improves sperm quality and viability.
In modern pig farming, balanced vitamin supplementation is increasingly important. Natural sources like green feeds provide essential nutrients, but with intensified production, precise dietary management becomes critical to ensure optimal health and reproductive success.
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