Soybean is a nutrient-demanding crop that requires a significant amount of essential minerals throughout its growth cycle. It absorbs large quantities of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium from the soil, as well as various micronutrients like calcium, magnesium, boron, manganese, molybdenum, and zinc. A deficiency in any of these elements can lead to visible symptoms, which may ultimately reduce yield and affect plant health.
First, nitrogen deficiency in soybeans often manifests through pale green or yellow leaves, stunted growth, and poor development. Although soybean plants host rhizobia that can fix atmospheric nitrogen, they only provide about 1/2 to 1/3 of the required amount. To correct this, applying top-dressing with urea at 5–7.5 kg per acre or using a 1%–2% urea solution for foliar spray can help. Spraying every 7 days for 2–3 times is usually effective.
Second, phosphorus-deficient soybeans show dark green upper leaves, while lower leaves develop a purplish or yellowish discoloration between the veins. The plants may grow slowly, with thin stems and delayed flowering. Applying phosphate fertilizer such as calcium superphosphate (12.5–17.5 kg per acre) or a 2%–4% solution for foliar application can help. Repeat the treatment every 7 days for 2–3 times.
Third, potassium deficiency typically appears as irregular yellow spots along the leaf edges, with the central veins remaining green. This can result in small, deformed grains. To address this, apply potassium chloride at 4–6 kg per acre or use a 0.1%–0.2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution for foliar spray, repeating every 7 days for 2–3 applications.
Fourth, iron deficiency causes yellowing of young leaves with green veins. In severe cases, new leaves turn almost white, with brown spots near the margins. Using a 0.4%–0.6% ferrous sulfate solution for foliar spraying can effectively correct this issue.
Fifth, manganese deficiency leads to chlorosis, with light green to white spots appearing between the veins. However, the veins remain green. Spraying a 0.01%–0.02% manganese sulfate solution can help restore normal growth.
Sixth, zinc deficiency results in interveinal chlorosis, starting from the veins and spreading across the entire leaf. Applying a 0.1%–0.2% zinc sulfate solution via foliar spray can improve this condition.
Seventh, boron deficiency affects reproductive growth, causing young leaves to turn light green, deform, and shorten internodes. In severe cases, the growing tip may die, preventing flowering. Spraying a 0.1%–0.2% borax solution on the foliage can resolve this problem.
Lastly, molybdenum deficiency causes pale yellow leaves, stunted growth, and symptoms similar to nitrogen deficiency. Severe cases may result in necrotic veins and leaf deformation. Applying a 0.05%–0.1% ammonium molybdate solution through foliar spraying can help.
When performing foliar sprays, it's best to do so on sunny, windless days after 4 p.m. to ensure maximum absorption and effectiveness. Proper timing and application methods are crucial for maintaining healthy soybean crops and maximizing yield.
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