The Anding District of Dingxi City, Gansu Province is known as the "China Potato Capital" core area and is known as the "Hometown of Chinese Potatoes." It is the National Demonstration Area for Famous Brands of the Potato Industry named by the General Administration of Quality Supervision. In recent years, the Anding District has taken the potato industry as a strategic leading industry, adhered to the concept of “ecology, quality, and healthâ€, stabilized planting area, expanded seed breeding, promoted standardized technologies, reconstructed and expanded storage facilities, and strengthened leading enterprises. Cultivate the market system, focus on the realization of the specialization of potato production varieties, the scale of planting, the mechanization of production, the industrialization of production, the staple food of the products, the first to achieve the full coverage of virus-free seed potatoes, the first to implement potato insurance and be included in the national policy The scope of subsidies was the first to tailor the "Jinshubao" credit products for the development of the potato industry and take the lead in advancing the implementation of the potato staple food strategy. "Dingxi Potato" was recognized as a well-known trademark and geographical indication certification trademark in China. "Dingxi Potato Virus-free Seed Potato" was recognized as a national geographical indication protection product by the AQSIQ.
Planting Techniques
The rotation is flat, with flat terrain, deep plowed layer, loose sandy loam soil, and a plot of land not grown with potato or solanaceous crop within three years. Choose corn, beans, corn and other cornices, avoid continuous cropping, implement a three-year or five-year rotation system for potatoes, wheat, and beans to prevent soil-borne diseases and insect pests. At the same time, we must choose a plant with a certain size, which is conducive to mechanized operations, such as water, dry land, terraced land, and dry hill land with a slope of less than 8.
Thoroughly plough the land and use tractor-supported dry-field plows, all-round deep-sweeping machines, or shovel-type subsoilers and other work tools. Require deep plowing 20cm, deep loose 35cm or more, to break the plough bottom layer is appropriate, an average of three times a deep loose. After the harvest of the former crops, the crops shall be sown in time for the purpose of standing and drying, accumulating temperature and ripening, accepting rainwater, and cultivating the crops after the fall. The winter can be moderately suppressed to protect the soil moisture.耱 Soil preparation, or using a rotary cultivator and other implements, shallow hoeing, depth is generally 10 ~ 15cm is appropriate, so that the surface formation, the Panasonic squat, plough layer soft, soil clods,
For lands with severe underground pests, the land can be combined with earthworms, generally 50% phoxim in mu, add 4~5kg of water, and mix in 20~25kg of fine dry earth (sand) to make toxic soil (sand), or use 3% of Le Sibu granules 4 ~ 5kg, evenly spread on the surface, through the cultivating soil preparation, into the soil.
The formula fertilization adheres to the principle of reusing farmyard manure, combined application of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, adopting soil testing and formula fertilization, highlighting the promotion of commodity organic fertilizer, continuously reducing the use of chemical fertilizer input, increasing the utilization rate of fertilizer, increasing yield, and improving the quality of crops. reduce environmental pollution. According to the soil nutrient supply in the Anding area and the utilization rate of NPK fertilizer, 3000 kg of organic fertilizer will be applied in combination with the land preparation, 1.7:1.3:1.0 formula will be promoted in the north according to N:P2O5:K2O ratio, and 1.9:1.3:1.0 formula will be promoted in the southeast. , Southwest promotes 2.0:1.3:1.0 formula.
Film-covering sowing film: adopting black full-film double ridge ridge cultivation, black mulch ridge cultivation, semi-film ridging cultivation, drip irrigation under film cultivation, and other potato machinery ridging and filming planting patterns. Use a black plastic film with a thickness of 0.01 mm or more to facilitate recycling and avoid soil contamination.
Sowing: Seed sowing when the temperature of 10cm soil layer is stable at 7°C~8°C. It is generally from late April to early May. When sowing, as far as possible the use of comprehensive mechanized planting methods, can complete ridging, fertilization, sowing, covering soil, cultivator, spraying, harvesting and other processes, improve the quality of sowing, reduce labor intensity. The planting density is 3500~4500 plants/mu. The requirements are uniform, no rebroadcasting, no sowing, no damage to seed potato, consistent depth, uniform mulching film coverage, uniform ridge height and ridge width, uniform sowing and row spacing, and uniform plant spacing.
Earth-covered soil: Generally, the earth-covered soil is to be applied about 10 days after sowing, and the thickness is 2 to 3 cm. The earth-covered soil must be evenly dispersed and broken.
Field management chemical weeding: Before the emergence of the cover soil, use 200 gram BASF plastic water to spray 30 kg of water to close the soil for weeding or weeding in the weeds of 2 to 4 leaves with 6 to 7 grams of DuPont Baocheng 30 kilograms Field spray application can effectively control annual grass weeds and some broad-leaved weeds.
The cultivating soil: the cultivating operation is suitable for 2 times, and the seedling rate is 50% after emergence, and the first cultivating is performed when the plant height is 5~10cm, and the second cultivating is performed when the plant height is 20~25cm. Completion of the process of ripping, weeding, topdressing, and cultivating soil between the rows is beneficial to the expansion of the tubers, and does not expose the stems.
Prevention of pests and diseases: Based on the prevention and control of late blight, the established potato late blight monitoring and early warning system is used to accurately predict the occurrence, occurrence, and prevention of potato late blight, and to achieve green prevention and control. Generally from the beginning of late July, with mancozeb, Dasheng, Keya, Fu Shuaide, Bao Dasen, Jin Lei, Kelu and other agents alternate spray control, every 7 to 10 days control once.
Killing crickets: Before harvesting, if there are more pods and grasses, for the convenience of mechanized harvesting, the killing machine can be used to kill crickets, generally about 10 days before harvesting.
Seed processing
The varieties of potato seedlings were selected to select high-yielding, drought-resistant, virus-free seed potatoes within three generations, and according to market requirements, special, high-quality, and high-resistance varieties were chosen to meet the ecological conditions and market needs of the Anding District. In the high-water and fertilizer-fertilized areas in the southwest, Kexin No.1, Zhangjiao No.8, Atlantic Ocean, Shapotti, Feiwuruita, Xinshu No.10, Xinshu No.7, Xinshu No.6 and Qingshu series were Main; the southeastern area is mainly based on yam potato 10, yam potato 7, yam potato 6, yam potato 3, yam potato 8 and sweet potato series; in the north, Xindaping, Zhuangshu 3, and yam potato Number 10, yam potato number 7, etc.
Seed treatment in the selection of the basis of good varieties, seed potatoes should choose healthy and disease-free, no damage, smooth skin, bright color, weight 50 ~ 100g moderate size, good storage characteristics of the variety of potato chips for the species.
Germination: 10 to 15 days before sowing, on the indoor 18 ~ 20 °C, 3 to 5 days turning once, about 10 cm grow about 1cm thick purple buds can be cut after sowing.
Cut the potato: When cutting the seed, it should be done 2~3 days before sowing. The cut size should be 30~50g, and each cut should have at least 1-2 shoots. Prepare 2 to 3 cutting knives, immerse and disinfect in 0.1% potassium permanganate solution or 75% alcohol. When cutting 30 pieces of potatoes, replace the cutter once. In the process of cutting seedlings, such as disease, rotten seed potatoes should be immediately removed, at the same time the replacement of knives, in time to cut off the path of pathogen infection. Promote the sowing of small whole potatoes.
Seed dressing with rare earth dryland 100ml water 5kg soaking, soak for 20 minutes, remove and dry in the shade to be broadcast. Or use 12.5 kilograms of 70% thiophanate-methyl and 2.5 kg of Cobo to evenly mix 100 kilograms of talcum powder into powder, and mix 10000 kilograms of potato chips. Or use 24.0 kg of 70% thiophanate methyl, 1.0 kg of 72% agricultural streptomycin to evenly mix 100 kg of talcum powder into powder, and mix 10000 kg of potato chips. Or using metalaxyl 25% wettable powder 400 times soaking and disinfection of seed potatoes can effectively prevent the occurrence of potato blight. Or 1 kilogram seed potato is soaked in 50 ml of 2% copper sulfate solution for 10 minutes to prevent the occurrence of potato ring rot. Or plant seedlings immediately after planting seeds to prevent black stem disease.
Machine receipt and late technology
Mechanical harvest When the stems and leaves of most of the potato plants are dry, the tubers stop expanding and they are easily detached from the plant, or after the killing and the plants are completely dying for one week, the harvest is selected on sunny days.
After the harvest of harvested potatoes is harvested, mechanical or artificial methods are used to clean up and recover the residual film from the field to avoid soil contamination.
Scientifically stored about 2 weeks before entering the cellar, fumigated with storage sulphur powder or fumigated with potassium permanganate + formaldehyde; or smoked with chlorothalonil; or evenly sprayed with 4% formalin 50 times Around the cellar wall, open the cellar door 2 days later. Potatoes should be promptly removed from potatoes and wounded potato pieces before they enter the pit. Sorting, packaging, and stacking in a cool, ventilated place for 3 days. The storage capacity should be controlled within 2/3 of the total volume of the pit. When the potatoes are well stored, the storage room should be ventilated with a temperature of 2 °C ~ 4 °C and a relative humidity of 85% ~ 90%.
High-yield model
The application of prominent black plastic film covering potato planting in Anding District of Dingxi City. The “high-yield, high-efficiency, high-yield cultivation technology model for potato†was promoted by the “black full-film cover + detoxified seed potato + formula fertilization + mechanical tillage + specialization prevention and control†to increase the level of potato planting. And the output per unit area.
The first is to strengthen the construction of potato standardization bases. Actively collaborate with new planters such as large planters, family farms, professional cooperatives, and agricultural enterprises, as well as potato institutes and other scientific research institutes to build potato standardization demonstration bases for large-scale operations, standardized planting, mechanical support, and industrialized management. The “3+3+2†technology model is popularized, namely: popularizes three basic technologies (rotating crops, appropriate sowing, and proper close planting), promotes three key technologies (film mulching, improved seed application, and formula fertilization) and innovates two technologies Services (mechanized cultivation, pest control, and defense).
The second is to carry out potato technological innovation. With the goal of "high-tech, advanced, and applicable", we are actively liaising with the provincial agricultural colleges and institutes of agriculture to develop experimental demonstrations of new varieties of potato varieties. And around the full-film covering many years of rotation to simplify the cultivation, soil and fertilizer water and pest control, continue to focus on a series of new varieties, new technologies, new fertilizers and new models of the introduction of testing and demonstration work, and strengthen technology reserves and technological innovation. A total of 19 trials were conducted in 59 trials.
The third is to strengthen potato pest control. Taking the potato microclimate monitoring DAVIS wireless automatic monitoring system and the epidemic warning and forecasting station of Xichuan as the carrier, focusing on the prevention and control of late blight, taking into consideration the prevention and control of diseases such as underground pests, aphids, virus diseases, early blight, ring rot and cellar. The comprehensive prevention and control demonstration based on the general defense rule.
The fourth is to accelerate the pace of potato farm machinery promotion. Village-level agricultural service teams were set up to implement mechanized cultivation such as potato sowing and machine harvesting. Relying on the agricultural machinery production enterprises in the region, we have developed and produced 11 types of agricultural machinery for the entire process of potato production, which has greatly increased labor productivity.
Characteristic technology
Black film coverage
The black full-film potato cultivation technology is inspired by the cultivation techniques of full-film, double-ridge, sowing and sowing corn. After a long period of experimental demonstration research by agricultural technicians in Anding District, it is a breakthrough technology. Compared with common whole-film potato, it has the following Benefits:
First, the light transmittance is low, and the radiant heat is less transmitted, so the soil temperature of the covered soil can be changed by a small amount. According to the test, the soil covered with black film, at the peak of plant growth, has a soil temperature that is 3 to 4°C lower than that of ordinary plastic film. As the warming rate is small, it is beneficial to promote the normal growth of crop roots, especially for potato and other crops that do not require high soil temperature.
The second is to suppress weeds. Compared with the ordinary film covering the whole film, the black film can block the sunlight, making it difficult for the under-film weeds to photosynthesis, especially for the annual broad-leaved grass weeds, weeds with broad-leaved weeds have a good inhibitory effect, the average The control effect is 98.7%, which can effectively reduce the contradiction between weeds and potatoes, and save labor input.
The third is that the black plastic film is superior to the ordinary film in terms of water retention, fertilizer retention, and yield increase. The soil moisture content is 1%~2% higher than that of the ordinary plastic film.
Fourth, the black plastic film is opaque and has the advantage of reducing the green barley.
Mechanical all-round deep loosening and soil preparation
All-round mechanical deep loosening and soil preparation technology. This is one of the main technologies for the potato mechanization production in the Anding District. It is a farming method that uses loose work equipment to loosen the soil without turning the soil. It is an important technical content for conservation tillage and dry farming for water storage and water conservation. The technology has the following characteristics: First, it completely breaks the plow bottom layer. Normal tillage is generally 18 to 20, and deep pines can reach 35 to 40. Not only is the bottom layer of the plough that is formed by farming or farming, it can be broken, thereby increasing the living soil layer of the soil. The second is to fully accept natural precipitation. The work of deepening loosens the cross-section of the soil to form an imaginary solid, with the left and right sides loosely interspersed. The bottom of the ground has a structure of “slicesâ€. Like a “small reservoirâ€, the soil seepage rate can be increased by 5 to 10 times. The third is not to disrupt the cultivation of soil. The deep loosening operation maintained the original living soil layer of the soil, relieved the consolidation, created a loose plough layer and surface layer, and was both water-permeable and gas-permeable, which was conducive to the formation of soil aggregate structure, soil improvement, and fertility conservation. The fourth is to achieve autumn rain and spring. The pines are deep in autumn, stored in water, and used in spring for crops. The fifth is to increase crop yields. Shensong has created a good environment for water, fertilizer, and gas for crop growth, which is conducive to the full development of crop farming systems. According to experiments in recent years, it has been demonstrated that deep-to-slower than non-deep pine can increase production by 10% to 15%. After the deep soil, the soil is deep and the soil is loose, which is conducive to the growth of the potato, the formation of the tuber and the expansion of the development.
The mechanical soil preparation technique is to use a disc harrow or rotary cultivator equipped with large and medium-sized tractors before planting potatoes. The depth of depression is 10~15?, and the soil is finely crushed, the soil is soft, the surface is smooth, and the pine squats on the ground, creating good conditions for the sowing operation.
Deep potato machinery and mechanical coating technology. The technology uses the tractor's supporting chemical fertilizer deep equipment, adhere to the principle of soil testing and fertilizer application and the use of sufficient quantity, the principle of deep concentration, generally 3,000 kg of organic fertilizer applied in Mushi, 40 to 60 kg of Mushi potato special fertilizer, or mu Application of urea 13 ~ 23 kg, phosphate fertilizer 38 ~ 58 kg, 11 ~ 17 kg of potassium sulfate, or Mushi urea 9 ~ 17 kg, diammonium 10 ~ 15 kg, potassium sulfate 11 ~ 17 kg. Combine the soil preparation with organic fertilizer and fertilizer.
The film coating mainly uses two rows of large-ridge mulching potato planters, and completes seven operations such as ditching, fertilizing, sowing, ridging, spraying herbicides, under-grain insecticides, and coating. The single ridge tile is mainly composed of 80 to 90 mulches; the double ridges are fully covered with 120 mulches, mainly black lamellae. After the emergence of the potato, the underground stem is not topped with a plastic film about 2 cm above the ridge, and the potato machine is used to cover the soil on the membrane. The thickness of the earth covering is preferably 2 to 3 cm. The potatoes do not have to be crushed when they emerge. Seedlings can drill their own mechanization technology.
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