Black Peanut High Yield Cultivation Technique

Black Peanut High Yield Cultivation Technique

Peanut is an important economic crop and oil crop in Yantai. The development of peanut production has become one of the important ways for agriculture to increase efficiency and increase farmers' income. For the current farmers in the city's small scale of production and the use of many varieties, chaos, miscellaneous problems generally exist, the output is low, the annual average yield of more than 110 kilograms per mu, lack of high-yielding cultivation techniques. Therefore, the Municipal Agricultural Technology Center will increase farmers' cultivation of peanuts based on their production of peanuts and increase their income.
Prepare before broadcast
1. Soil selection To obtain high-quality, high-yield, suitable soil conditions for peanuts are loam or sandy loam where the cultivation layer is loose, the living soil layer is deep, neutral acidity, drainage and fertility are good. Peanuts are crops that bloom on the ground and produce results underground. The soil properties suitable for the growth and development of peanuts are as follows.
(1) The soil layer is more than 50 cm thick in the entire soil layer, the tillage layer is about 30 cm, and the result layer with a thickness of about 10 cm has loose soil and good permeability.
(2) The ratio of soil physical properties to sediment is 6:4, the bulk density is 1.35 g/cm3, and the total porosity is more than 40%. The capillary porosity is larger in the upper and lower layers, and the non-capillary porosity is smaller in the upper and lower layers.
(3) Soil fertility The content of organic matter in high-tillage layers is more than 10g?kg, total nitrogen is 0.5g?kg, quick-acting phosphorus is 25mg?kg, and available potassium is 30mg?kg.
(4) pH value of soil suitable for soil pH is 6-7.
(5) Do not weigh more than 3 years of non-planted peanuts.
2. Sowing and soil preparation is the basis for high yield of peanuts, and it is also a prerequisite for the implementation of various technical measures. Peanut seeds are large, have high fat content, and require more moisture and oxygen for germination and emergence. Therefore, the overall requirements for soil preparation prior to planting are soil loosening, fine crushing, lack of consolidation, moderate moisture content, convenient drainage and irrigation, and the development of peanuts has always been in a suitable soil environment. Black Peanut Net welcomes you!
Another aspect of peanut preparation is to combine arable land with base fertilizer. All of the potash fertilizer, phosphate fertilizer, and organic fertilizer are applied to the soil.
Mushi organic fertilizer (including cow dung, chicken dung, grass ash) 2000 Jin + inorganic phosphate fertilizer, potash fertilizer, a small amount of nitrogen fertilizer a total of 130 Jin. It is forbidden to apply nitrate nitrogen fertilizers and urban pollution garbage fertilizers.
3. The varieties of peanut varieties are different, and their production levels, adaptation areas and market adaptability are all different. The selection of suitable varieties based on the characteristics of our city is the key to high yield and high efficiency of peanuts.
The peanuts of our city can be selected as medium-early-maturing varieties such as Luhua 11, Heifeng No. 1, and Luhua 13.
4. Seed Preparation The seed preparation for sowing is crucial for guaranteeing complete seedlings and improving the yield and quality of peanuts.
(1) Select seeds for shelling before replanting the seeds of the preserved seeds, and select the type of full-grown double-fruits as seeds. After husking, the seeds are subjected to grain selection and classification. The seeds, grains, crushed grains, infected pests, and mildewed seeds are sorted out first, and then divided into primary, secondary, and tertiary grades according to the size of the seed grain. However, tertiary seeds are generally not used for seeding.
(2) Fruit drying before sowing can increase the ripening of seeds, break the dormancy of seeds, promote the activity of enzymes, which is conducive to the transformation of nutrients in seeds, and improve the viability of seeds; drying fruits can make seeds dry and enhance Penetrability improves the seed's osmotic pressure, enhances the ability to absorb water, and promotes the germination and germination of seeds, especially for seeds with poor ripeness and excessive moisture during storage; drying fruit can also play a bactericidal effect.
(3) Peeling shelled peanuts should not be too early. Because seeds after shelling are easy to absorb water, enhance respiration, speed up enzyme activities, promote substance conversion, consume large amounts of nutrients, and reduce germination. Therefore, the shelling time of peanuts should be as close as possible to the sowing date.
(4) Germination test Germination test is one of the procedures that must be performed before sowing of various crops. Through the germination test, one can reduce waste and take the necessary remedial measures as soon as possible. After the germination test, the seed value of peanuts can be known in advance. The seed that basically loses its germination function is timely exchanged and used for other purposes; for seed with a low germination rate, soaking seed germination or increasing the seeding amount can be used to make up for it.
(5) Chemical seed dressing According to different requirements, seed dressing with different pesticides, or improving the resistance to pests and diseases of peanuts, or supplementing nutrients, enhance the vitality of peanut seeds, or enhance their drought resistance, etc., to ensure peanut seedlings Qi, Miao The whole, Miao Zhuang, laid a good foundation for the high quality and high yield of peanuts.
1 Seed dressing seed dressing: Use 50% carbendazim WP, or 40% YE wettable powder according to the seed weight of 0.3% -0.5% seed dressing can effectively prevent rotten root dead seedlings; with 50% octane sulfur Phosphorus emulsions are seeded at 0.2% of the seed amount, or seeded with 0.1% to 0.3% of the seed amount with a 50% chlordane emulsion to control underground pests at the seedling stage.
2 soaking seed germination soaking germination is one of the important measures to fight for the whole seedlings, is to create suitable conditions for the seed germination through human methods. Germination is conducive to solving the contradiction between early sowing and low temperature sowing, timely sowing of sowing, but also can guarantee good planting fields, reduce seed waste. Depending on the weather conditions, if the cold weather persists, the simplest method of germination is to soak seeds in warm water at 40°C for 3-4 hours. After the seeds suck enough water, they are put out of the basket and covered with plastic film. The germination is performed at a temperature of 25-30[deg.] C. and budding can be sown in 24 hours.
Timely sowing of flowers is produced in the tropics and is a warm-to-warm crop, requiring high temperatures from seed germination to fruit ripening. The optimum temperature for flowering is 23-28°C and the minimum temperature is 19°C. The most suitable temperature is 25-30 °C, and the minimum temperature is 15 °C. Therefore, the seeding period of peanuts must be determined according to the growth period of peanuts, the required accumulated temperature, and the temperature range required for the reproductive growth period. During the effective growth period of peanuts, the appropriate date for sowing is determined. First, the requirements are favorable to seeding and seedlings. Second, it is beneficial to regulate the relationship between vegetative growth and reproductive growth of peanuts, and lays the foundation for high yield of peanuts. Black Peanut Net welcomes you!
Spring sowing peanut temperature is the main contradiction. According to the temperature and local sowing habits throughout the city. The best sowing time is arranged in the "big cold" to "spring." At this time sowing can extend the vegetative growth period of peanuts, which is conducive to the formation of high-yield long-term peanuts.
Sowing techniques
1. Seeding method Peanut sowing method is sown according to the cultivation method and the film is sown. According to the mode of operation is divided into artificial on-demand and mechanical sowing.
2, sowing density to grasp the principles of reasonable close planting. The planting density of peanuts is determined by the plant height, the fertile range and the leaf area. The appropriate planting density of peanuts depends on the climate characteristics, soil fertility, selection of species and cultivation conditions. According to the fertility conditions of peanuts in the city, the plant spacing of 5×8 inches, double kernel planting, mu planting more than 23,000 basic seedlings, and harvesting about 20,000 seedlings were used. Every kind of six lines.
3, sowing depth General peanut sowing is appropriate to about 5 cm. It is necessary to grasp the principle that “the stem is not deep, the wet is not superficial,” and the soil is less viscous, and the land of sand or sand is deeper. The deepest cultivation can not exceed 7 cm in depth, and the shallowest can not be less than 3 cm.
4. Post-suppression sowing and suppression after sowing is a successful experience in peanut seedlings for ensuring drought resistance. After repression, not only can the evaporation of soil moisture be reduced, but also the seed can be brought into close contact with the soil, promoting the increase of the moisture in the lower layer of the soil, preventing the seeds from drying out, and facilitating seed germination and seedling emergence.
Irrigation and Drainage Peanuts are both afraid of drought and afraid of waterlogging. Such as seedling and flowering drought and water shortage, will affect the normal growth of plants, reduce the number of flowers; the next needle period of water shortage, fruit needle into the soil is difficult, even if the needle, the ovary can not be enlarged; scarcity of water shortage, is seriously affected The development of pods significantly reduced the number of pods; when water was lacking during ripening, the fullness and rice output rate of pods decreased.
In short, the irrigation period is mainly determined by the amount of precipitation within the peanut growth period, the distribution of precipitation, the soil moisture content, and the need for soil moisture at each peanut growth stage. Black Peanut Net Drainage Peanuts are drought-tolerant crops, but poor resistance to flooding, excessive water in the field, lack of air in the soil, resulting in poor root development, less root nodule, weak nitrogen fixation, short yellow plants, increased flowering nodes, and lower Difficulties in acupuncture, decreased fruit-setting rate and fruit-filling rate, and increased rotting, severely affect peanut yield and quality. The purpose of drainage is to eliminate ground water, reduce groundwater level and reduce excessive moisture in the cultivation layer to regulate soil temperature, humidity, ventilation and nutrient conditions, maintain a good soil structure, and create a good reproductive environment for peanuts.
Rational fertilization
1. Principles for fertilizing peanuts (1) Organic manure and inorganic fertilizer The soil used to cultivate peanuts is mostly sandy gravel soil and plain alluvial sand soil. These soils have poor structure and low fertility. Organic fertilizers should be applied to activate the soil, improve the soil structure, cultivate fertility, combine chemical fertilizers, and supplement soil nutrients. In order to ensure the high yield and quality of peanuts, improve the efficiency of fertilization, and achieve the combination of land use and land use, the principles of organic fertilizers and inorganic fertilizers must be applied in a coordinated manner, so that they can complement each other's strengths and achieve the full effect of fertilizers.
(2) Applying basal fertilization, appropriate fertilizers and fertilizers are sufficient to grow seedlings, and peanuts grow steadily, which lays a solid foundation for high yield and high quality. Peanuts increase the specific weight of nitrogen and potassium fertilizers to meet the needs of seedling rooting and tree growth. If the proportion of nitrogen fertilizer application is too high, it will easily lead to leggy, inverted and prone to diseases and insect pests; if the proportion of potassium fertilizer is too high, it will easily cause rotten fruit, and the fertilizer will decline. Slow fertilizer, low utilization of organic fertilizer, phosphate fertilizer should be based on basal. Therefore, in the production of peanuts, if sufficient base fertilizers can be applied at one time, generally less fertilizer or no fertilizer may be used. It is necessary to grasp the principle of "a strong seedling, a weak seedling, a weak fertilizer, and a thin land."
2. Base fertilizers and seed fertilizers The fertilizers that are used in combination with arable land preparation before sowing are called “basal fertilizers” or “bottom fertilizers”, and the fertilizers that are combined with sowing seedlings or open-holes are called “seed fertilizers”. Basal fertilizers and seed fertilizers are the foundations for strong, multi-flowered, fruity and full-filled pods of peanuts. The amount of fertilizers generally accounts for 80-90% of the total amount of fertilizer, and it is the main fertilization method for peanuts. Basal fertilizers should be based on organic fertilizer, with nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and other chemical fertilizers, generally 20-30 kilograms of urea urea, over 100 acres of calcium Mushi, 30 kg of potassium sulfate Mushi. Mushi 4,000 kg of basic fertilizer.
3. Top dressing peanut top dressing should be based on soil strength, base fertilizer application amount, and peanut growth status.
(1) When the soil fertility at the seedling stage is low and the amount of basal fertilizer is insufficient, when the seedlings grow poorly, the seedlings should be applied early and the seedlings should be promoted early. Fertilizers at the seedling stage should be applied before the initial flowering stage. Nitrogen fertilizers should be used as the main fertilizer. Phosphorus and potassium fertilizers should be used. The general Mushi nitrogen fertilizer 8-10 pounds, or compound fertilizer 30-40 pounds, soil applicator or ditching facilities.
(2) During the flowering period, after the peanuts are grown, the plants grow vigorously, the effective flowers are widely opened, and large quantities of fruit needles are gradually added to the soil. The demand for nutrients increases sharply. If the basal fertilizer and seedlings are insufficient, they should grow according to the growing trend. top dressing. However, at this time, the nitrogen-fixing ability of peanut rhizobia is strong, and the nitrogen fixation can basically meet its own needs, and the demand for phosphorus, calcium, and potassium fertilizers is urgent. Therefore, the amount of nitrogen fertilizer should not be too much, mainly phosphorus, potassium, calcium, and fertilizers to avoid causing excessive growth. Generally, over 40 metric tons of superphosphate, and 500 jin of high-quality circumfertilizer are used to improve phosphorus and calcium nutrition of peanuts, and the yield increase is very significant.
(3) Foliar Spray Fertilizer Peanut Spray Fertilizer (also known as root dressing) has the advantages of high absorption and utilization, saving fertilizer and increasing production. Especially in the late stage of growth and development of peanuts, the roots are senescent and the effect of foliar spraying is more obvious. Foliar application of nitrogen fertilizer, peanut absorption and utilization rate of more than 50%; foliar spray phosphate fertilizer, can be quickly run into the capsule, and promote full filling pod.
In the later stage of peanut growth, 200 grams of potassium dihydrogen phosphate is used, and 120 jin of foliar spray is sprayed on the water. It is best to spray three times and spray once every seven days.
Field management
1. Seedlings, seedlings, and seedlings should be seeded and checked in a timely manner after the emergence of peanuts. Where there are serious shortages of seedlings, seedlings should be promptly replanted so that the number of seedlings per unit area can reach the number required by the plan. This work is generally conducted 3-5 days after emergence. There are three main ways to make up seedlings.
(1) Applying buds to plant seedlings Peanuts should be planted in the headland of peanut fields or in other open fields. When the top surface of the cotyledon leaves is not open, the buds will be lifted out and transplanted to the field. With seedlings with similar seedling age in the field, reseeding seeding points in the lack of seedlings, the effect of increasing yield is better than seed reseeding sowing or germination.
(2) Seedling transplanting Choose a piece of open space or the edge of the field, use a newspaper to make a nutrition cup with a diameter of 3-4 cm, put a nutrient soil in the cup, and prepare 2 peanut seeds per cup until the seedlings grow 2–3. When true leaves are selected, they are transplanted on cloudy or rainy days.
(3) The above two methods of germination and replanting are more labor-intensive, and the number of seedlings or seedlings is not easy to grasp. The amount of seeds is too much to be wasted, and the number is too small to satisfy the purpose of supplementary planting. In order to save labor, seeds can also be seeded. Direct reseeding after germination.
2, clear seedlings, seedlings, peanuts, clear trees, also known as clear seedlings. In the first cultivator after peanut seedlings were established, the soil was split around the peanut seedlings with a small pod, so that the two cotyledons and the first pair of lateral branches were exposed to the soil surface, in order to facilitate the robust development of the first pair of lateral branches, so that Seedlings grow robustly. Practice has shown that peanuts have a significant increase in yield.
The peanut results mainly rely on the first and second pair of collaterals. The number of the first pair of collaterals accounted for 60-70% of the total number of results of the whole plant, the number of the second pair of collaterals accounted for 20-30% of the total number of the results of the whole plant, and the results of the main stem and other lateral branches were few. Since the first pair of lateral branches of peanuts grow on the cotyledonary nodes, the cotyledons of the peanuts are not excavated or half-emerged when they emerge. Therefore, the branches of the cotyledon nodes are often buried in the soil when they start growing. The growth is not robust and directly affects the flower bud differentiation and flowering results. . The timely clearing of the trees after emergence of the peanuts will allow the cotyledonary nodes to branch off to expose the soil surface, and will receive early exposure to sunlight to grow robustly. It has been proved that after planting, the internodes of the main stem and the lateral branches of the plants are short, the stems are thick, and the flowering results are numerous. Clear trees can make the main roots deeper, with more lateral roots and more developed root systems, so as to enhance the plant's ability to resist drought and absorption. Through clear trees, humulus can be removed as soon as possible, which is conducive to the robust growth of plants. Correctly understanding the time of clearing is the key to achieving the increase of production of clear trees. Early clearing, seedlings are too small, and the resistance to the external environment is weak after the earthworms have been excavated. When the clearings are too late, the first pair of branches are buried in the soil for a long time, the lateral branches are weak, and the internodes of the base are elongated, affecting the clear trees. effect. Qimiao was required to clear trees in time, according to the emergence of seedlings, a clear piece of Qimiao, give full play to the increase effect of clear trees. The clearing depth is based on the exposure of the two cotyledons. Care must be taken not to damage or knock off the cotyledons.
Harvesting, drying and storage Harvesting, drying and storage are the last important steps in peanut production. Timely harvesting, timely drying, and safe storage ensure high yields of peanuts and good quality of pods, increase the use value of peanuts and planting effects, and provide excellent seeds for pods. read
1. Harvest (1) Peanut ripeness The peanut is an indefinite flowering and solid crop, and the formation time and developmental degree of the pod on the same plant are inconsistent. Generally speaking, plants grow from green to yellow, and the main stem retains 3-4 green leaves. Most of the pods are mature, which means that the rate of full fruit is over 75%, which is a sign of mature peanuts in the field.
(2) Peanut harvesting methods According to the peanut cultivation habits in Yantai, there are mainly methods for extracting peanuts.
2. Drying pods Drying Newly harvested peanuts have a moisture content of about 50% for mature pods and about 60% for immature pods, which must be promptly dried. Generally after 5-6 days of drying, the water in the seeds of 3-4 angels is then piled up and distributed to the fruit shells. After drying for 2-3 days, the water content can be stored until the water content drops below 10%.
3 The safe storage of stored peanuts is closely related to water content and temperature. The water content of the fruit was reduced to 10%, and the water content of the seed was reduced to 7% before safe storage. It should be noted that good ventilation is maintained during storage to promote gas exchange in the seed heap and play a role in cooling and dispersing moisture. During storage, we must promptly inspect and strengthen management. Once we find an abnormal phenomenon, we must take effective measures and properly handle it.

Shandong Laiyang Yipin Vegetable Development Center
Laiyang The finest vegetables developing center co.,ltd
Address: West of Heshan Road, Laiyang City, Zip Code: 265200
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