Oleander, scientifically known as *Nerium oleander* or sometimes referred to as *Nerium indicum*, is a large evergreen shrub that can grow up to 5 meters in height. It features a milky sap and smooth, hairless surfaces. The leaves are typically arranged in groups of three to four, with the lower ones being opposite. They are narrow and lance-shaped, measuring 11 to 15 cm in length and 2 to 2.5 cm in width. The upper surface is dark green, while the underside is lighter. The veins are flat, closely spaced, and run parallel to each other.
The plant produces terminal cymes of flowers. The calyx is erect, and the corolla is dark red, fragrant, and double in structure. The petals are scale-like and split at the tip. The fruit is round, ranging from 10 to 23 cm long and 1.5 to 2 cm in diameter. Each seed has a tuft of yellow-brown hairs at the top.
Native to Iran, oleander is now widely cultivated across tropical and subtropical regions around the world. In China, it is grown in almost all provinces and regions. While its bark fibers are used in textile production, the plant also has medicinal applications, particularly in heart stimulants. However, it contains strong cardiac glycosides and steroid compounds, along with small amounts of essential oils. The roots, bark, stems, and leaves are toxic and can be fatal if ingested by humans or animals. Additionally, the plant is often used for making natural insecticides due to its toxic properties. Despite its beauty, oleander should always be handled with care.
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