The Biology and Culture Techniques of White and Black Clam

The white croaker (Opniocepnalus argus var Kimnra), also known as the white mullet, is commonly known as the white squid, and is a member of the genus Pelicans. The meat is delicate, less stab, and delicious. The white mullet can be used for probiotics, blood circulation, and nourishing treasures for mothers and children. Rich in nutrition, can produce a variety of famous dishes, such as raw fish fillets, white chrysanthemum fish wire, white black bar stew snakes.
Muscle composition of white mullet: moisture, 77.90. Crude ash 1.10, crude protein 20.69, crude fat 0.76, compared with other freshwater expensive fish: the crude protein content is higher than the bigmouth bass (14.85), the crude fat is lower than the bigmouth bass (3.22), indicating that the white mullet is a kind of low fat High-protein high-end luxury fish.
The amino acid contents of muscle nutrition of white mullet were as follows: aspartic acid 2.08, threonine 0.95, serine 0.86, glutamic acid 3.92, and glycine 1.09. Alanine 1.32, Cystine 0.13, Proline 1.00, Methionine 0.43, Isoleucine 0.92, Leucine 1.81, Tyrosine 1.66. Phenylalanine 0.88, Lysine 1.80, Histidine 0.52, Arginine 1.10, Proline 0.54.
The white mullet is white in color, beautiful in appearance, resistant to hypoxia and has a certain ornamental value.
China has a long history of cultured black sticks, but it has not conducted systematic breeding techniques for white sticks, which has led to a reduction in natural resources. Since 1992, we began to study white mullet and its breeding techniques, which have received great attention from the aquatic industry. Good results. This topic won the first prize of scientific and technological progress of the Provincial Hydropower Department in 1997.
1 Biology of the black and white pheasant
1.1 Morphological features White and black pheasant body white, body stick-shaped, flat head, head scales larger, tail scales thin, dorsal ray 47, anal fin 38, lateral line scale 63, number of turns 13, vertebrae 55, body length Body height 7.8 to 8.2 times.
1.2 The growth of white mullet survival temperature 0 ~ 39 °C. The optimal growth water temperature is 25-28°C, and 12°C is basically not feeding. With auxiliary respiratory organs on the diaphragm, the suitable pH value is 6.0-9.0, hi cluster, good jump, easy to drill mud, the fastest weight gain in summer, the daily gain rate is 3%.
1.3 Habitual mouth position, tooth distribution on both sides of the palate, the front of the jaw, the main carnivorous, fry stage to kill each other, can tame food feed. The pond cultured white mullet can reach sexual maturity in two years. The gonad development cycle is from March to March. Most eggs are phase IV. From March to April, phase III is entered. From May to July, phase V is the period of spawning, August. It gradually returned to phase III. The broodstock of 30 to 35cm in body length was about 15,000 eggs, 8 eggs per gram of fish, and the relationship between body length and body weight was logW=3.032 logL-1.9433. Individual fecundity Y The formula for the relationship between body weight and body length is Y=2.68532-79.08513.
2 Artificial propagation technology
2.1 Bred broodstock to choose a pond with good water source. The size of the pond should be 60 to 100 square meters. The pool should be 1.5 meters high and the water level must be 1 meter. There should be anti-escape facilities. There should be water grass or water hyacinth in the pond. Warm effect.
The white mullet, with its upper respiratory organs, has strong adaptability to the environment. The stocking density can be higher than that of ordinary fish, and 1 to 2 tails of 2 to 2.5 kilograms of broodstock per square meter can be placed. The ratio of male to female is 1:1.
The white mullet is a carnivorous fish. The feed of the broodstock is generally fed from small fish in the pool, and some low-quality fry are fed. It is also possible to feed terrestrial oysters, otters, loach, etc. The feed rate is generally 3 ~5%.
Prior to spawning, the spawning period often replaces the pool water to ensure that the pool water is fresh and normal development of the broodstock.
2.2 Induction and Incubation During the reproductive season, the abdomen of the female fish is enlarged and elastic, and the reproductive hole is slightly reddish, and the male reproductive hole is recessed. Generally used body color than white, healthy body, maturity can be better broodstock.
The oxytocic agents include technetium, camphor pituitary (PG) and chorionic gonadotropin (HCG), 1 g/kg body weight PG, and HCG 1800~2000 IU. In one or two injections, the male dose was halved and the male to female ratio was 1:1 or 2:1. The effect time is related to the water temperature. The water temperature is 26 to 36 hours at 22 to 23°C, 25 to 30 hours at 24 to 25°C, and 18 to 22 hours at 26 to 30°C. It is generally best to control the eggs before dawn. The spawning of mullet requires a quiet environment. It is frightened when spawning and it will stop spawning. The fertilized eggs are placed in the incubator. The hatchery controls the volume of water exchange. The circulating water volume per hour is 50 cubic meters, the control water temperature is 22-27°C, the dissolved oxygen is controlled at 4mg/L or more, and the pH is 7.0-8.0. Indoor hatching avoids the unfavorable factors of outdoor hatching: If the light shines, the egg will float on the water surface, and the strong shot will cause the embryo to die. The enemy will harm and other wild fish eat the eggs. As long as the favorable conditions for hatching are guaranteed, the hatching rate can reach 90%. . Still water can be used for hatching.
3 Seedling cultivation techniques Newly hatched larvae are black in color and float on the water or on the sides of aquatic plants or suspended matter. Clusters are at the edge of the pond and pool, and are static and not easily moving. The yolk sac accounts for about half of the body length. When the yolk sac gradually disappears and the fry can swim flat, it is transferred to an outdoor fry pool for cultivation.
3.1 Fry breeding stocks are generally stocked at 200-400/m2. At this time the water in the pool should be fresh and there should be enough palatability water, otherwise fry will kill each other due to lack of food. At this stage, the upper respiratory organs of the fry are not yet well developed, and their breathing depends entirely on dissolved oxygen in the water. Therefore, the water quality should be maintained at this time. The survival rate of the fry is high and the growth is fast. The key lies in the sufficient dissolved oxygen in the water and abundant palatability feeds. . During the fry cultivation stage, the enemy should be removed, such as frogs and otters. After 12 to 25 days of cultivation, the length of the fry can reach 5 to 8 cm. The body color gradually changes from black to dark at the top of the head. At this stage, fry assisted respiratory organs are well developed, their activities are strong, and their food intake is constantly increasing. As the fry grows and develops, and the individuals increase, the density in the pool increases. At this time, it should be sieved and graded into the fish pond for cultivation.
3.2 Fish breeding ponds 25 to 60 square meters, water depth 0.5 to 0.8 meters, 50 to 80 tails/m2, 5 cm long fry, and water leeches, terrestrial and sand puffers, and low quality fish Water spray, such as grass carp. Feeding white mullet requires eating less, because the fish has greedy and overeating habits, such as feeding too much, can cause bulimia and death. The pool water should be changed frequently. Generally, one third of the water is discharged from the bottom for a week, and then the new water is injected from the inlet so that it has a comfortable living environment in order to grow normally. After 25 to 30 days of cultivation, the fish size can reach 8-13 cm.
We adopt the following key technologies to improve the survival rate of seedlings:
1 Improve water quality and keep pool water fresh;
2 Reasonable stocking density, select palatability foods;
3 Regularly screen fry to keep the specifications relatively consistent.
4 Adult fish breeding White mullet has strong adaptability, and it can be either single-cultivated or set-up.
4.1 Coupling: White mullet can recover the small wild fish in the pond, which can reduce the waste of food in the pool, reduce the consumption of dissolved oxygen in the pool, and increase fish production. Because the caliber is smaller than that of the big oystercatcher, it does not pose a threat to the farmed commercial fish, so farmers all over the country can accept this fish as a good breed for nesting.
4.2 Pond conditions 1 Breeding conditions: earthen ponds, stone pools can be farmed, water depth 1.5 ~ 2.0 meters, pool depth 2.0 ~ 2.5 meters, appropriate production and sales management area in the 1 ~ 1.5 acres is appropriate, the pool into the drainage should be convenient, into the drainage Anti-escape facilities should be set up around the mouth and around. Before stocking, we must do a good job of clearing ponds. Generally, use quicklime to sprinkling 100-150kg of lime slurry per acre. Do not leave dead corners when it is spilled. Inject water after 1 week of disinfection, and let the water for about 10 days.
2 Breeding techniques: stocking specifications of more than 10 cm (3 to 5 inches) when stocking, control the specifications as much as possible, stocking with 3 to 5% of salt water soak for 10 to 12 minutes and then under the pool.
Stocking densities range from 2 to 3 tails per square meter, ie about 1,500 to 2,000 tails per mu.
Feeding types of bait: First, fresh animal food, such as small fish, small squid, head of fish, meal, fish next to the fish, white mullet favorite fish fish fish skin, can be appropriate in the pool Put some river rafts to allow them to naturally breed fish skinfish next to their needs; the second is to mix the fresh fish ravioli and powder with bait, and mix the bait feed.
The feeding method uses four sets of “timing, quantitative, qualitative, and positioning. The amount of feeding is 6 to 10% of the fish’s body weight, and it gradually drops to about 6% as the fish’s weight increases, and cluster feeding can be seen when feeding. It will jump out of the water scene.
During the entire breeding period, it is necessary to insist on the inspection of the ponds. First, see whether the measures for preventing the escape are appropriate. Second, observe whether the activities of the fish are normal. Third, look at the changes in the water quality. Especially in the hot season, the water quality changes frequently, and it is prone to black hair stinking. At this time, it is necessary to exchange pool water, so that the three days and one small change, change to a third of the pool water, 10 to 15 days a big change, change Two-thirds of the pool water keeps the water fresh, and the water level rises relatively in winter and hot seasons, making it relatively stable.
In the certain breeding conditions of the white mullet, 16 to 20 cm of fish species are stocked. After 5 months of growth, the survival rate is more than 80%, and the yield per mu can reach 500 kg or more.
The white mullet is the main growth period from July to October, especially the best in September. The average water temperature in July to September is in the range of 21.4 to 30.8°C. At this stage, we should seize the opportunity to strengthen cultivation and make it play a role. The best growth effect.
5 feed white mullet is a fierce carnivorous fish, must pass through the domestication of food conversion to achieve the purpose of using the bait to feed into adult fish, China is currently using ultrafine feed for food transfer is more difficult, that is, open bait has not yet been resolved. We began to use powdered, small-grained feeds to feed around 13 centimeters in seed size specifications, switched to diets within 18 to 20 days, and conducted screening tests in 94 to 96 years, with an area of ​​25 square meters and a stocking density of 30. In the tail/m2 trial raising pool, after 22 days of feeding, 70% of the fingerlings were able to feed properly with the bait, and one hour after the feeding, the inspection was started. The degree of congestion of the tested fish was 3-4 grades. Because of the natural conditions, white mullet has the habit of partial eclipse miscellaneous fish. According to these, only by selecting the color, smell, and taste of the decoy agent, improve the formula of the bait so that after 15 to 20 days, 91.8% of the tested fish can Feeding compound feed.
The basic feed for adult fish farming consists of fishmeal, soybean cake, wheat, and corn, plus minerals and special additives. The feed coefficient was 2.5-2.8, nutrients, crude protein was 42.3-44.3, and crude fat was 5.65-6.51. Crude fiber 1.23 to 2.83; ash content 11.3 to 12.4, moisture 8.01 to 9.91.
6 The disease prevention and control of white mullet is based on the principle of prevention, prevention and control, prevention and treatment, and early treatment.
Strengthen the fish's resistance to diseases, select healthy and well-balanced fish species, ensure proper rearing, timely support, and strengthen management, so as to achieve four goals. Adjust feed nutrients. Careful fishing, transportation, and operation should be performed to prevent fish from being injured and to be fed with medicine baits for prevention.
Elimination of pathogens, thorough clear ponds, early disinfection of seed ponds, disinfection of seedlings before entering the pond, regular disinfection of water bodies, feeding live baits, such as quail, mixed fish when salted with sterile water for feeding.
Improve the environment, change water regularly, plant young, increase oxygen.
White mullet common disease:
6.1 The pathogen of the small melon plague is the small squash worm. After the parasitism, the fry is slow to move. It is very harmful. Use 2 ppm methylene blue Quanchiposa and soak it for prevention. Treatment with 0.1 ~ 0.2ppm mercuric nitrate soaking, or Quanchiposa; with malachite green 0.2ppm Quanchiposa, for three consecutive days, have good results.
6.2 Trichoderma Pathogens: There are multiple types of trichomonads that can cause disease, parasites on the body surface of the fish, reeling, destroying muscle energy, tissue, and affecting breathing to cause death.
Control methods: Use clear lime to clean the pond, keep the water fresh, and spray the whole pool with 0.7ppm copper sulfate and ferrous sulfate (5:2).
6.3 The pathogen of watery mildew is a kind of aquatic mold.
When the onset of the epidermis, the muscles in the villous group were stiff, the fish was slow, and the fish did not sink due to floating on the water surface of the pool and gradually died.
Control methods: Avoid damage to the fish body during operation, especially at low temperatures. With formalin 20 ~ 30ppm or potassium permanganate 30 ~ 50ppm Quanchiposa, but also can be used 3 to 5% of salt water soak 5 to 10 minutes.
6.4 Hemorrhagic septicemia is common in the adult fish stage. The diseased fish has reddened fin bases and mandibles, prominent ocular protrusions, loose scales, and muscle swelling. There is no effective treatment for this disease. Only in case of prevention, thoroughly clearing the pond, pouring 30-50ppm of formalin into the whole pool, and then inject fresh water to avoid the source of sewage.

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