To achieve high-yield, high-efficiency, high-quality, and low-cost production of edible mushrooms such as oyster mushrooms and shiitake during the winter season, several key factors must be considered. Starting from the right environment, selecting appropriate materials, optimizing the bagging process, and implementing proper management techniques are all crucial steps in ensuring successful cultivation.
First, the growing environment plays a significant role. In colder months, maintaining a stable temperature is essential for mushroom growth. Indoor heating methods like pipe heating or coal stoves can be used, but coal stoves are often more cost-effective and practical, especially in regions with harsh winters. They provide rapid heating, are easy to operate, and help maintain a consistent temperature. Winter conditions also offer an advantage: fewer pests and lower bacterial contamination rates lead to better yields and higher quality mushrooms. Additionally, the limited availability of fresh vegetables during this time makes it easier to capture market demand and generate good returns.
Second, choosing the right raw materials is vital. Oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus ostreatus) are among the easiest to cultivate due to their simple growth requirements and versatility. A cost-effective method involves using composting rather than high-temperature sterilization. The process starts by mixing the base material with water, piling it up, and covering it with a plastic sheet to allow natural warming. Once the pile reaches 60°C, the outer layers are turned into the center, and the process is repeated three times. This helps eliminate harmful bacteria while promoting healthy mycelium growth. Maintaining the correct carbon-nitrogen ratio and controlling the temperature are key to ensuring strong and fast mushroom development.
Third, the bagging technique significantly affects productivity. While some prefer small bags for faster cycles, they often result in lower yields. On the other hand, large bags may produce more mushrooms but require longer growth periods. Through experimentation, it was found that using 18x45 cm plastic bags filled with 0.6 kg of dry material offers an optimal balance. Applying two layers of three-layer inoculation—where two layers are stacked with a layer of spawn in between—enhances efficiency and supports intensive farming practices.
Finally, effective management is essential. One useful technique is the "positioned mushroom" method, where the bag is not fully opened. Instead, a small hole is left for oxygen exchange, preventing competition among mushroom buds and reducing nutrient loss. This approach minimizes dead mushrooms and improves overall quality. Unlike traditional methods that open the bag widely, leading to moisture loss and poor yield, the positioning method ensures better control over the growing environment and results in healthier, more uniform mushrooms.
By focusing on these four areas—environment, materials, bagging, and management—farmers can successfully grow high-quality edible mushrooms even in cold weather, maximizing both profit and productivity.
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