Grape production mechanization operation links and requirements The grape industry has become an important means and measure to promote farmers' income and rural development. However, as an ideal mode of operation for grape production - mechanization, this economically developed country in foreign countries has basically achieved a full range of mechanized operation methods and it has just begun in China. From the current status of our country's grape production and the level of economic and technological development, it is still quite difficult to realize the full mechanization of grape production. Therefore, we should choose appropriate entry points according to local conditions, and gradually promote the full mechanization model in accordance with current grape planting requirements. It will become an inevitable choice for China's grape mechanization. Specifically, the grape mechanization process should pay attention to the following aspects: Orchard planning by mechanized operation For newly developed grape plantations, the mechanization of production should be considered first. For example, planting density, in order to adapt to the needs of mechanized operations, in Japan, the villus spacing of plants is mostly 6m4m. In order to improve the early benefits of the vineyards, some use the first dense cultivation method, for example, the young garden uses a row spacing of 3m3m, 90-100 plants per 100m2, the third year of autumn, the main branch of the adjacent tree extension When the crossover overlaps, the shift is performed, and 30-40 strains per 1000m2 are left after the shift. For example, in North China, planting density, the general spacing of a single fence is about 2m, and the plant spacing is 0.5-1m. However, there are large and small plant spacing methods, and the small plant spacing is 20-30cm; the large plant spacing is 70-80cm. Plant 533-667 plants per 667m2 (1 mu). A row of pillars is erected on each row of a hedgerow, and the height of the column is 2m. A wire is pulled every 50cm on the column and the distance between the columns is 6m. The vineyards can be divided into large areas and communities. Large areas can be as large as a few hundred acres, and the area is 30-100 acres. Grape planting is best for north and south to facilitate air and light transmission. In the long line, a gap must be left every 100m, and a work path extending from east to west to a width of 2m should be developed for fertilization, spraying, harvesting and other operations. At the same time as planning, watering and drainage systems should be arranged. Winter burial of buried vines is an important part of grape production in northern regions, and it is also a labor-intensive operation. Therefore, the use of burial machines for mechanized operations not only has high production efficiency and good operation quality, but also greatly reduces labor intensity, reduces production costs, and has high economic and social benefits. At the same time, it can achieve the purpose of preventing wind and freezing, which should be At present, the focus of grape mechanization is breaking through. At present, Tianjin, Liaoning and other places have developed grape vine burying machines for small four-wheel tractors and walking tractors. In addition, the vine overwintering burial machine developed by the Tianjin Institute of Agricultural Machinery is suitable for planting spacing 1.8-2.0m, 2.0-2.2m, 2.2-2.5m, requiring that the vine bundle height is less than 20cm; The vines are 40-50cm in width and 38cm in width. Pile height up to 25-30cm. The supporting power is a 25-30 hp tractor. In addition, Tianjin also has the use of walking tractors supporting the restructuring of the rotary tillage machine buried in the rattan machine (productivity up to 6 acres / day, more than 6 times higher than the artificial increase, the operation quality is better than the manual operation, but the operator work intensity Big). A trencher developed by Tianjin Jinghai Xingsheng Machinery Co., Ltd. can also be used for vine burying operations. The 100PF-A grape overwintering overburdening machine in Liaoning Province has reached the required thickness after 2-3 throwing operations. The mechanical covering cost is 375 yuan/hm2 less than that of artificial soil covering, and the annual net income of agricultural machinery households is 9250.85 yuan. With artificial overburden soil, one person completed the work area of ​​0.03 hm 2 /day, and the mechanical casing operation amount was 1.33 hm 2 /day, which was 44 times higher than manual override. When the vines are buried in cold weather, the soil is required to be finely crushed, to prevent the larvae from pulling and pulling on the wind, and the buried vines should be prevented from damaging the vines to prevent the disease from spreading and affecting the annual output. Take the position from the root can not be too close, at least about 50cm, so as not to freeze the roots, buried in winter after field inspections, found that problems and timely remedy. Irrigate the winter water immediately after the cold to protect the plants from wintering safely. Grape roots are often distributed in the upper 20-60 cm below the surface, with a depth of 100 cm. Grapes are more likely to produce adventitious roots. After the root is injured, a large number of roots will be regenerated near the wound. Therefore, it is possible to properly cut the roots in cultivation, but not to remove a large number of roots. The soil temperature at which the root system grows is 21-25oC, and it stops growing when it exceeds 28oC or 10oC at low dryness. Grape root system is developed, has a strong absorption capacity and nutrient storage capacity, but the cold resistance is poor, more afraid of freezing than the vines, in the soil temperature -6 ~ -4oC, it will be frost damage, and even freeze to death. Once the winter roots suffer from cold damage, the next year, the growth of the vines will be greatly affected. Therefore, when cold is buried in the cold areas in the north, it is necessary to pay attention to the roots to prevent cold. The cultivator uses a small tractor to support the cultivator, and carries out tillage, weeding, and topdressing. It takes place from May to September in the growing season, with a depth of about 10cm and 4-5 times a year. Plant protection and plant protection operations are also an important part of grape production. Currently, manual or backpack-type mobile sprayers are used. When the operation is required, the fogging effect can reach fogging, and the back of the blade, the front face, and the branches should be sprayed evenly. Spray time is usually selected until the dew is dry until 11 o'clock, after 3 o'clock in the afternoon, to avoid high temperatures at noon. Pay special attention to the use of sprayers that do not use herbicides, so as to avoid grape damage caused by residual medicine. There are many watering methods for watering vineyards. At present, many areas still use flood irrigation methods, which have large water consumption and are not conducive to saving water. We should actively promote water-saving irrigation methods such as drip irrigation, irrigation, and irrigation under the membrane to achieve the purpose of cost-saving and efficiency enhancement. For instance, Tianjin has already used membrane drip irrigation for irrigation in fruit production, and the effect is quite good. It is necessary to open fertilization ditch, planting ditch farmyard fertilizer or chemical fertilizer in the production of open trench grape. Under normal circumstances, open the ditch, the depth of the planting ditch 60cm. When digging trenches, they should be stored on both sides of the table (cultivated layer of mature soil) and heart soil (raw soil), do not mix. After the planting trench is excavated, soil shall be combined with fertilization and soil shall be backfilled after being thawed in spring. This operation can now be carried out using a trencher. For example, the trencher at Tianjin Jingsheng Xingsheng Machinery Co., Ltd. can not only be used for vine burying, but also can be used to excavate different widths and depths of fertilization ditch and fixed value ditch according to agronomic requirements. Pruning can be done with pruning implements. In winter grape cutting, under normal circumstances, the cutting position of the cutting edge at the apex should be in a place where the main vine has a thickness of 0.8 cm, and the vine height is 70-100 cm. In general, it is better not to exceed 1 m in height. The truncation point should not be less than 0.6cm thick. Tying rattan can be used to tie rattan operations. However, most of them are still done manually. Be careful when working. Don't over-tighten. The material of the tied vines requires a soft and strong binding material. When the vines are tied to prevent friction and injuries of the new shoots and the iron wires, a figure-eight binding method can be used. The processing of stub branches is also a relatively large amount of labor, and the amount of processing can reach more than 1/3 of the total amount of branches. Improper handling is not good for orchards. The traditional way is to use incineration or burying. The agronomics require that the branches and leaves in the garden be cleared after winter pruning, including defoliation, and reduce the amount of pathogenic bacteria in the garden through burial, which is advantageous for disease prevention and control. Incineration is not only a waste of resources but also pollutes the environment. Therefore, the shredder should be used for smashing and burying, which not only achieves the rational use of resources, but also eliminates the environmental pollution caused by incineration. At the same time, burial after comminution is also conducive to the decomposition of the broken branches and fertility. If the shreds are scattered and scattered in the orchard, they can also play a role in covering, soil conservation, fertilizer conservation, water conservation, and heat preservation. Deep-turning the current grape growing agronomic requirements for the entire garden deep turning, generally adopts the deep intertwining method, the general requirements from the plant 50m. The young gardens are about 30cm deep, about 40cm in mature gardens, about 70cm wide, about one row in each row, and turned over in two years. With such a depth, it is difficult for a small operation to meet the requirements for a small-sized machine. This top-level operation is currently dominated by labor. At present, there are still no available machines for bagging, picking, etc., or the current production methods are still difficult to be suitable for mechanical operations, pending further research and development.
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