Recently, many farmers have asked Xiaobian whether they can talk about the cultivation techniques of Chinese herbal medicine lily. The small series should meet everyone's needs. Today, we will introduce the Chinese herbal medicine lily breeding method, field management and harvesting and processing.
1 Biological characteristics
Bulbs of Lilium chinensis are nearly elliptical, with leaves spreading throughout the leaves, leaves without petiole and stipules, leaf-shaped or lanceolate, flowering from July to August, fruiting from September to October.
Lily enjoys a sunny, dry, warmer and cooler climate, cold and drought tolerance. Long wild in the bushes, grasslands, hillside grasses, temperature 20 ~ 25 ° C, underground bulbs can withstand low temperatures of -10 ° C, the soil requirements are not strict, suitable for cultivation in well-drained sandy loam and dry clay loam.
2 Cultivation techniques
2.1 Breeding methods
Lily is divided into sexual (seed) reproduction and asexual reproduction, and is still dominated by asexual reproduction. From August to September, the mature fruit is harvested. After the post-ripening cracking, the shell is removed. The seed of a fruit can be as high as several hundred grains. The seeds can be dried and can be broadcast in spring or autumn. However, except for some excellent varieties, the growth rate of most seeds after germination is slow, from germination to flowering and ripening for at least 3 to 4 years. The offspring of the hybrid lily can also be separated, and the original seed can not be maintained. If the seed is propagated, it is likely to permanently lose some excellent traits due to the exchange of chromosomes, so it is rarely used in combination with actual cost. . The asexual reproduction of lily has the following types:
(1) Bulb propagation method: In the harvested bulbs, a large bulb that is polymerized by a plurality of (generally 4 to 6) around the main axis is selected and hand-opened for seeding. The individuals who choose such bulbs are larger and can be directly transplanted into the field without cultivating. The harvest can be harvested from August to October in the second year. This method is the most commonly used breeding method in the current producing areas.
(2) Small bulb cultivation method: This method is to generate new bulbs from the collected mother bulbs, and can be disinfected according to the method of scale propagation. Then planted into the seedbed. Liu Jianchang and Gao Yanyi reported that when the apical buds located in the inner center of the bulb began to grow and develop, the scales on the outer layer absorbed nutrients. When the top bud grows out about 2 to 3 cm from the bulb, and then removes all the scales on the outside, it can be clearly seen that 1 to 4 growth points are newly formed at the base of the top bud on the bulb disk, and new scales are continuously differentiated to form 1~ 3 small bulbs. After 1a cultivation. Some of them meet the standard of bulbs, and the smaller ones continue to culture for 1 to 2 years.
(3) Scale propagation method: the most commonly used method of asexual reproduction and the highest reproductive coefficient. In the late autumn, choose robust and disease-free plants, harvest bulbs, and separate the scales at the base of the bulbs. Soak the 1:500 benomyl or the aqueous solution of captan to soak for 40 minutes, and remove the dry and sown with fertile sandy loam. Each scale base is partially divided into several small bulbs. When rooting in the same year, it can be germinated into seedlings in the spring of the next year to form a new individual. Continue to culture for 2 to 3 years, and grow into a lily that meets the product specifications.
(4) Bead bud propagation method: Lily has purple black bead buds under the leaves of the stalks of the ground. It is generally mature before and after flowering in summer. Before the natural detachment, the buds are harvested when the buds fall, and the buds are harvested from the bottom to the top. under. After a little drying in the sun, store it in a cool, ventilated place. When collecting small bulbs, disinfect the small bulbs by referring to the scale propagation method. Then, according to the plant spacing of 14cm × 7cm, you can directly grow into the field. In the same year, you can root, and after 1a cultivation, some of the bulbs can reach the standard. The smaller ones will continue to culture for 1~2a. The third year will be flowering and harvesting, and then planting. use.
(5) Gravity propagation method: When harvesting and processing bulbs, the outer layer of the large bulbs is peeled off for medicinal purposes, and the remaining scales can be kept for more than 3cm, and the shelf time should not be too long. The outer sheet is browned. Planted in the autumn of last year, harvested from August to October in the following year. After continuous breeding for 3 to 4 years, the breeding bulbs must be renewed.
(6) Tissue culture and reproduction method: Chen Li and others have obtained a large number of excellent virus-free seedlings through rapid, accurate and successful research on the technology of detoxification and rapid propagation of lily. The success rate of detoxification is as high as 58.9%. The virus reaches 100%, speeding up the rapid growth and increasing the yield and quality. With the development of science and technology, the use of advanced tissue culture to breed lily has become an effective method. Lily tissue culture methods have been studied at home and abroad. Although tissue culture can achieve the purpose of detoxification and rapid propagation, the production cost is high and the technical level is high. It is difficult to widely promote in actual production. application. In contrast, bulbs and cuttings are high-efficiency methods for medicinal lily reproduction, and they are economical and effective ways. They have great potential for production and deserve further application.
2.2 Planting techniques
Artificial cultivation of lily can not only help local farmers to get rid of poverty, but also have a positive effect on protecting wild lily resources. Liu Yanxia reported that the planting site requires the climate to be cool, the soil is fertile and deep, and it is suitable for planting sandy land, slope land, plains and mountains and rivers rich in organic matter, good drainage performance, or sandy soil. Jiang Da saw and other reports reported that before planting, the first deep-turning planting area 23 ~ 27cm, clear weed tree roots, 1hm2 fired soil ash, farmyard fertilizer 52500 ~ 6000kg, 45% potassium sulfate compound fertilizer 2250kg, superphosphate 375kg, grass ash 1500kg. When the soil is disinfected, 375kg of quicklime powder, 75kg of sulfur powder and 67kg of carbofuran can be used.畦 width 1.5m, height 25cm, groove width 38cm, pitch 50cm, to ensure good drainage, to open the waist groove; then on the 畦 surface by 35cm open 8 ~ 11cm deep seeding ditch, plant spacing 15 ~ 20cm, mid-September The seeding period is from 3000 to 4500 kg/hm2 until the beginning of October. Gong Wei reported that the planting land was selected from 0 to 1200 m above sea level. Overall, the yield and quality of lily increased significantly with the increase of altitude. The lily yield and polysaccharide content were significantly lower and the saponin content decreased at altitudes of 0-500 m. Therefore, it is not suitable for planting, and the yield of 500-1200 m is greatly improved, and the yield of 800-1200 m is the best. In addition, the large temperature difference between day and night in the high altitude area of ​​lily will also have a greater impact on its active ingredients.
3 Field management
3.1 Fertilization techniques
In order to determine the effect of different trace element fertilizers on the growth and development of lily, and to summarize the appropriate application amount of micro-fertilizer, it provides an effective scientific basis for artificial cultivation techniques of lily. Liao Yulin's research on the nutritional properties and fertilization effects of lily showed that the application of phosphorus, potassium, zinc and boron fertilizers, especially potassium and phosphate fertilizers, was very important for the increase of lily. The fertilizer effect of four nutrients on lily was potassium> Phosphorus > Zinc > Boron. Therefore, it is necessary to apply boron fertilizer and zinc fertilizer in a targeted manner. The stem part of the lily increased with the application of boron, and the nitrogen content in the underground bulb decreased with the application of boron. Phosphate fertilizer and potassium fertilizer can significantly increase the phosphorus content and potassium content in underground bulbs, and the addition of boron fertilizer and zinc fertilizer can further increase the phosphorus content and potassium content of bulbs. On the basis of the amount of suitable nitrogen fertilizer, lily should be mainly potassium and phosphorus, especially potassium plays an important role in promoting the growth and development of lily. Wang Yucai and other research results show that potassium chloride below 150kg/hm2 can achieve high economic value. If too much potassium is applied, it will reduce the yield and increase the production cost. Huang Peng's research shows that rational application of potassium fertilizer can significantly promote the absorption and metabolism of other nutrients in the soil, and can regulate the balanced metabolism of nitrogen, which is conducive to the growth and development of plants, and 150 kg of nitrogen and phosphorus at 120 kg/hm2. /hm2 is the most reasonable proportion of fertilization. Huang Wei and other studies have shown that the fertilization amount of potassium oxide in the field of lily is 81kg/hm2, which is beneficial to improve the drought resistance of lily and has the highest economic benefit. Deng Junwen et al. found that the NPK ratio of 1:3:3 was the best and the yield increase effect was significant. Zhang Wumin and other CNPK fertilizer combinations are reasonable fertilizer structures, which improve the quality of the lily and improve the soil fertility while increasing the yield. Zhou Ribao and other studies found that the application of ternary compound fertilizer at the same time as the application of organic fertilizer can significantly increase the content of total aglycon in the medicinal parts of lily. Therefore, it is necessary to carry out targeted fertilization according to the content of trace elements in the soil, balance and coordinate the nutrients required by the lily, and scientifically fertilize.
3.2 weeding
Zhou Lujiang reported that in the growth cycle of lily, it is advisable to select herbicides in the spring of the second year after spring sowing, chemical weeding, or manual weeding. After the weeds are chemically weeded, 1hm2 is sprayed with weeds with 20% trace water or 41% Nanda water 2250-3000mL to water 750kg. Lily underground bulbs enter the growth stage, and scientifically adopting weeding measures is especially important for the growth and development of lily. Liao Shuangyuan reported that we should strengthen the weed control of lily, avoid weeds, consume lily nutrients, and affect the normal growth of lily. In the middle of the growth period, the fertilization is combined with fertilization for 1 or 2 times to prevent the bulbs from being exposed and the scales discolored. Zhou Jiamin et al reported that the cultivating and weeding were carried out once before emergence and at 10 cm height, and the shallow hoe was 3 cm to prevent damage to the bulbs.
3.3 Pest Control
Yuan Bangyou et al reported 9 kinds of lily pests and diseases. There are 5 kinds of diseases and 4 kinds of insects. The main diseases are: First, the disease. It mainly damages the leaves and stems of the lily, and produces irregular dark green lesions on the leaves. In severe cases, the bulbs and flowers of the lily can be rotted and even cause death of the whole plant. Control method: The key is to avoid continuous cropping and keep the drainage smooth. When the disease occurs, spray 80% of the 80% mancozeb WP 0.5 times according to the condition. The second is blight. The disease is a fungal infection. At the beginning of the disease, the leaves at the end are yellowing, the top of the stem becomes purple, the plants are slightly curved, and then the whole leaves are withered. Finally, the whole plant is dead and the underground bulbs are rotten. Control method: Before the onset, 5% of the bacteria toxic water clearing agent 300 times liquid or 60% bactericidal WP 500 times liquid can be used for rooting, each plant 250mL ~ 300mL, 4 ~ 8d1 times, the disease is seriously medicated 3 ~ 5 times . The third is root rot. The initial manifestation of the disease is the death of the lower leaves of the plant, and then the development from the bottom to the top causes the upper leaves of the stem to die. The underground bulbs are light brown, the stems are rotted, and the entire bulbs rot when severe. Control method: seedling stage is treated with 1:1:200 Bordeaux mixture. At the beginning of the disease, 70% chlorothalonil WP 500 times solution can be used for rooting. After the onset, methyl thiophanate 500 liquid spray can be used for prevention and treatment. Diseases should be based on agricultural control, supplemented by chemical control, early detection and early treatment, and timely disinfection can effectively reduce the occurrence of diseases and improve the yield and quality of lily.
Lily insect pests: Liu Yanxia and other reports mainly include: tigers, crickets, crickets, locusts, etc. Among them, the tigers, the young stems of the seedlings, and the biting food harm the underground bulbs, causing the bulbs to rot. Aphids damage young leaves and stems, especially parasitic on the leaves, and spread the virus, causing the plants to infect diseases. Ground tigers, crickets, and crickets can be lured with 90% crystal trichlorfon 3 to 3.5 kg/hm2, and they are scattered and fielded to lure. If necessary, 50% carbaryl wettable powder can be used for rooting, 150 to 200 g per plant. Aphid control method: After the seedlings are sprayed with 20% matrine 2000 times solution or 50% anti-Converse WP 2000 times solution. This control is effective and protects beneficial insects.
4 Harvesting and processing
4.1 Harvest
Fu Liang et al reported that when the upper part of the lily begins to naturally wither the leaves, it can be harvested. Before the fall, choose sunny days for harvesting. At this time, the yield is the highest, and the effective medicinal component of the lily body, the amount of polysaccharide starch reaches a maximum value, and the rate of processing into a tablet is also at a maximum. The quality of the lily harvested after the autumn is low and the economic benefits are relatively low. At the time of harvest, the whole plant needs to be dug, the stem and the underground fibrous roots are separated, and the large bulbs larger than 50 g are processed into commodities, and the small bulbs below 50 g can be reserved for the bulbs.
4.2 Processing
First, the harvested lily scales are cut open, and the classification is divided into specifications. Wash with clean water, then put the separated scales into boiling water at 100 ° C for 5 to 10 minutes, the water surface should be flooded with scales. When there is a white heart in the middle of the scale break, immediately put out the pot, spread it out or dry it in an oven, that is, the dried lily of the product before processing. Through the research on the technology of detoxification and rapid propagation of lily, a large number of excellent virus-free seedlings have been obtained quickly, accurately and successfully. The success rate of detoxification is as high as 58.9%, and the virus-free of the stem tip is 100%, which accelerates the speed of rapid propagation. Improve production and quality. With the development of science and technology, the use of advanced tissue culture to breed lily has become an effective method. Lily tissue culture methods have been studied at home and abroad. Although tissue culture can achieve the purpose of detoxification and rapid propagation, the production cost is high and the technical level is high. It is difficult to widely promote in actual production. application. In contrast, bulbs and cuttings are high-efficiency methods for medicinal lily reproduction, and they are economical and effective ways. They have great potential for production and deserve further application.
The above is all about the Chinese herbal medicine lily, because this article belongs to the nature of forwarding, and the length is longer, it is recommended that farmers who need to collect and learn.
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