The bag cultivation method is a widely used technique in mushroom farming, offering efficiency and control over the growing environment. This approach involves using specialized bags filled with nutrient-rich substrates, which are then placed on shelves or beds within a controlled space such as a mushroom house.
1. **Site Preparation and Setup**
Choose a clean, well-ventilated room for cultivation. Install 4 to 5 layers of raised beds, spaced 50 cm apart and 30 cm above the floor. Each layer should be arranged vertically with the bags standing upright. A total of 100 bags per square meter is recommended to ensure optimal growth conditions.
2. **Substrate Formulations**
There are several recipes available for the growing medium. One example includes:
- 23% hardwood chips, 23% cottonseed hulls, 28% bean stalk powder, 19% wheat bran, 5% corn flour, 1% sugar, and 1% calcium carbonate.
Other variations include combinations of sawdust, corn cobs, rice husks, and various additives like gypsum, superphosphate, and lime, depending on availability and desired yield.
3. **Mixing, Bagging, and Sterilization**
Use polypropylene or high-density polyethylene bags measuring 17 cm in diameter and 34–38 cm in length. The dry material should weigh between 600–800 grams per bag. After mixing the ingredients to achieve a moisture content of 62–68%, the bags are sealed and sterilized at 100°C for 12–14 hours. Once cooled below 28°C, the bags are inoculated under sterile conditions.
4. **Mushroom Cultivation and Management**
After inoculation, the bags are placed on the bed frames and kept in a dark, warm environment (around 25°C). Hyphae will fully colonize the bags within 30–40 days. At this stage, the bags are opened when the temperature is between 10–18°C, and the film is lifted slightly to allow air exchange. Only 3–4 strong mushroom buds are retained per bag.
Temperature should be maintained between 10–20°C, and humidity levels must be carefully controlled—85–95% during early growth and 85% once the caps reach 2–3 cm in diameter. Ventilation is crucial, especially as the mushrooms develop. Light exposure should be moderate, with increased intensity when temperatures are low and reduced when they are high.
Another method involves soil covering after bag cultivation. A mix of cottonseed hulls, wheat bran, and corn residue is used, and the mycelium blocks are placed into trenches filled with nutrient-rich soil. This method promotes natural growth and can lead to multiple harvests.
In the bagasse cultivation method, fresh sugarcane waste is fermented and mixed with rice bran, corn flour, and other nutrients. The mixture is packed into bags, sterilized, and inoculated. After 30–35 days, the mycelium is ready for fruiting, and the bags are moved to the mushroom house for final growth. Harvesting occurs when the caps are yellow-white and the stems are thick. A second flush of mushrooms can also be produced from the same bag.
This detailed process ensures a structured and efficient way to grow mushrooms, allowing for multiple harvests and consistent quality. Whether using traditional methods or innovative techniques, proper management of temperature, humidity, and light plays a key role in successful mushroom production.
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