Burdock is a 2-year-old herb of the Asteraceae family. It is also known as a hawkweed, bat thorn, and root vegetable. The main edible part is a fleshy, fleshy root, and petiole and young leaves are also edible. The burdock is native to China and was introduced into Japan from China around 940 AD. After long-term breeding, many cultivars have been cultivated and become one of the major root vegetables in Japan. The fleshy root of burdock, which contains a lot of carbohydrates, and the chrysanthemum that is unique to Compositae plants, can be used for pharynx phlegm, cough, wind-heat and cold. Recent studies have shown that regular consumption of calves can prevent premature aging of the body and can treat and prevent the occurrence of hypertension. At present, there is no domestic consumption habit. More than 90% of Chinese burdock is exported to Japan. Since China's accession to the WTO in 2001, Japan has established strict standards for the detection of pesticide residues in order to control imports. Therefore, how to cultivate burdock that meets Japanese import standards for pesticide residues has become an issue that exporters and growers are very concerned about. The present experience is summarized for the reference of burdock growers and exporters.
First, cultivation methods and cultivation season
Burdock is mostly cultivated in open country in China, and the cultivation season is generally spring and autumn. It is cultivated in the fall from October 1 to the beginning of November. Covered with arched mulch on or around November 10th; planted in spring from March to mid-May, and covered with plastic film can be planted in March, and open cultivation can be planted only after the frost is over.
Second, species selection
Autumn sowing burdock generally use medium-late-maturing varieties, such as Liuchuan ideal, wild river or large long-white inward muscle burdock; spring sowing early and mid-maturing varieties, such as Liu Chuan ideal, degree edge early birth, early pine early birth, early dry field or large long-rooted white muscle Burdock.
Third, soil selection
Burdock is a deep-rooted vegetable with strict soil requirements. It is suitable for cultivation of sandy soil with deep soil, good drainage, and loose fertility. For example, Fengxian County, Pei County in Jiangsu Province, and Zhuangwu Town in Cangshan County in Shandong Province all belong to the alluvial soil of the Dahe River. The upper and lower soil layers are uniform and are suitable for planting burdock. The cultivation of burdock should be based on the cultivation of plots with non-composite plants, preferably 2 to 3 years without the cultivation of burdock plots. In addition, plots that were formerly cropped as beans, peanuts, sweet potatoes, and corn should not be selected.
Fourth, site preparation
After harvesting, the former crop should be sun-dried in time, and 75 kg of cake fertilizer, 5000 kg of high-quality soil-fertilizer and 50 kg of ammonium bicarbonate should be applied per 667 square meters before deep plowing. Then press 70cm line ditch with a burdock machine, depth of about 1m. Since burrowing is used for ditching, a ridge with a width of 40 to 50 cm and a height of about 25 cm is naturally formed, and the ridges are stepped on both sides of the ridge with feet, or tapped on both sides of the ridge with a shovel to prevent raining. Ditches cause malformations.
Fifth, sowing
In the concentrated production areas of burdock, seeds should be disinfected before sowing. The following methods can be used:
1. Soaking in warm water at 55°C for 10 minutes.
(2) Dressing with a thiram (metalaxyl) fungicide equivalent to 0.3% of the seed weight, then opening a small ditch with a depth of 3cm in the roof of the ridge, pouring a small amount of water, infiltrating the water, and sowing seeds at 3cm spacing, covering the soil 3cm, 667 square meters with the amount of 200g.
Six, thinning seedlings
The first time the seedlings were in 1 to 2 true leaves, and the second time in 2 to 3 true leaves, seedlings were planted at a seedling distance of 7 to 10 cm. When setting seedlings, remove the inferior seedlings and over-emergence seedlings and leave seedlings of the same size. Earlier harvesting has a larger spacing for seedlings, and late harvesting is more appropriate, so as to avoid large gaps, making burdock roots too thick and affecting the appearance quality.
Seventh, weeding and weeding
Burdock seedlings grow slowly, there are more weeds at seedling stage, and weeding and weeding should be done in time. The last cultivator before the enclosure should be earthed to the roots, which is conducive to the growth and expansion of the roots. Weedy herbicides can be used for weed-predominant plots. For every 667 square meters available 10.8% high efficiency grass energy 25 ~ 30mL, add water 50 ~ 60kg, after the emergence of burdock, from the emergence of weeds to the growing season can be sprayed. Can also be used 50% of the refined grass grams 50 ~ 60mL, 15 ~ 20kg of water, after the calf seedlings, weeds 3 to 5 leaf stage, choose the evening medication.
Eight, top dressing
During the whole growth period, 3 top dressings can be performed. The first time when the plant height is 30-40 cm, urea is topdressed in furrows, applying 10 kg per 667 square meters; the second time, when the plants grow vigorously, they are sprinkled in the ditch with watering. Inside, apply 8 to 10 kg of urea per 667 square meters; after the third time the flesh roots are swollen, 10 kg of diammonium phosphate and 5 kg of potassium sulfate can be applied. It is best to use steel to drill and apply the fertilizer to a depth of 10 to 20 cm. Then the holes are sealed to promote the rapid growth of the fleshy roots and achieve high yield and quality.
Nine, pest control
The main pests of burdock root knot nematodes, aphids, cockroaches and so on.
1. Root knot nematodes have the following methods:
(1) The 2~3a rotation can be implemented. Rotation is the most convenient and effective method.
(2) Before the site preparation, use 1.8% of Beinong Aifuding EC at a concentration of 1.8% and apply 25kg of fine sand to the ground surface, and plow till 10 to 15cm. The control effect can reach 90% or more.
(3) 3 kg of usable Miller granules per 667 m2 are sown in the sowing ditch at the time of sowing, and then sown.
(4) During the growth period of burdock, 250g of roots per plant was irrigated with 1% of Hejong extinction EC 5000 times, and the persistence period was 60d. There was no residual toxicity to vegetables and no pollution to soil.
2. The control of locusts on the burdock crickets, mostly black, spraying control should occur when the spot occurs, pesticides can be used 40% Dimethoate 1500 times 50% anti-influx (provision fog) 2000 times; Ketai 15～20g water
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