ZHU Ji-fu1, LIAN Kai-xing2 (1. Yunnan Animal Husbandry and Veterinary School, Xiaoshao 650212, Yunnan; 2. Yunnan Beef Cattle and Forage Research Center, Yunnan Xiaoshao 650212) :C Article ID :1001-8964(2004)01-0048-02 1 For genetically engineered crop seeds (cereals, legumes, rapeseeds, etc.) and their by-products, phosphorus is stored in the form of phytate with a content of up to 1%. 3%, accounting for 60% to 80% of total phosphorus in plants. However, monogastric animals lack the enzymes that can break down phytic acid and cannot use these phosphorus, which not only causes a waste of phosphorus in the feed, but also can not meet the growth needs of the animal body, but also leads to a large amount of phosphorus emissions and pollutes the environment. It has been well studied that the microorganisms that synthesize phytase include Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas gibelii, Lactobacillus, yeast, Aspergillus, V. vulgaris, of which Aspergillus in Aspergillus has the highest activity. More than a dozen phytase encoding genes have been isolated and cloned. The gene has been amplified and integrated into Aspergillus expression vectors. The recombinant phytase gene expression level is higher than that of conventional phytase producing strains or wild type strains. 100 times. The addition of phytase facilitates the use of phytate phosphorus in monogastric animals while reducing feed costs and increasing economic efficiency. In addition, in order to increase the productivity of livestock and poultry, they have to add various essential amino acids to maintain the nutritional balance. In many diets formulated with essential amino acid crops, essential amino acids have to be added, such as the lack of lysine in grains and the lack of legume seeds. Sulfur amino acids. Forage grass is the main food source for ruminants. Increasing the protein content of pasture has important nutritional value. This seems unlikely under traditional breeding methods, but scientists have done this through genetic modification. At present, high-lysine corn lysine barley has been successfully cultivated. Australian scientists have developed a new breed of prebiotics rich in albumin. The albumin produced by the curtain species is not degraded in the rumen of the sheep and can be fully absorbed and utilized, and the wool production is increased by about 5%. When Brassica napatin-rich albumin and the bean protein chimeric gene were expressed in rapeseed, a large amount of Brazil nut albumin was accumulated in the transgenic rapeseed, and the amino acid content of the seed protein also increased by 34%. In addition, the methionine-rich 2S storage protein gene has been used to transform kidney beans, lupine, soybean, etc., can increase the production of methionine in transformed plants to varying degrees. Cysteine ​​is a limiting amino acid for wool synthesis. Due to degradation of cysteine ​​in the rumen, the addition of hemititamate in feeds does not increase serum levels. Of course, if sheep can synthesize cysteine, it can greatly increase wool production. Ward et al. (1991) described the linkage of the serine-encoding transglutaminase, O-acetylserine-sulfhydrylase gene and metallothionein (MT) promoter in E. coli and the sequence of the GH gene at the 3′ end. Transgenic technology will introduce this component into the body of the subject and the resulting transgenic sheep stomach epithelial cells will be able to use the hydrogen sulfide in the stomach to synthesize cysteine. Only this technique is more difficult to operate than mentioned above. 2 Microbiological engineering silage is a simple and reliable way to fill fresh straw into a closed silo or a silage tower, through the fermentation of microorganisms (Lactobacillus) to achieve long-term preservation of its green and juicy nutrients. Economic straw processing technology. Silage fermentation can turn stalks with poor palatability, rough texture and high lignin content into soft and juicy. Aromatic, sweet and sour, good palatability of roughage; can maintain the maximum nutrient content of green feed, balanced supply of adjustable feed throughout the year; also can kill bacteria, eggs in green feed, destroy the regeneration of weed seeds Ability to reduce damage to livestock, poultry and crops. At the same time, a large number of bacteria (such as Lactobacillus, Bacillus, Yeast) and organic preservatives (such as vitamins, acetic acid, ethanol, and lactic acid) that have accumulated rich nutrition during fermentation can promote the body's intestines. The breeding of beneficial bacteria within the road enhances the body's immunity. The development of non-conventional feeds not only avoids the accumulation and pollution of many industrial and agricultural by-products, but also transforms these cheap by-products into recycled feed, which has good ecological and social benefits. Wheat straw and the like are uniformly added to the chicken manure as a fermentation carbon source for microorganisms in the chicken manure. When the microorganisms ferment a large amount, the uric acid in the chicken manure is converted into ammonia, and the ammonia is then used by the microorganisms to synthesize proteins. Ruminants can use the crude protein in chicken manure to synthesize the bacterial protein and then be absorbed and used. Studies have shown that chicken manure is much better than urea and other non-protein nitrogen. The use of chicken manure includes silage and fermentation. Drying and puffing. The white rot fungi decompose the crude fiber and water quality of the straw feed, and after 5 to 6 weeks of fermentation, the palatability can be improved. The protein content in the straw feed is improved, and the digestibility is increased by 2 to 3 times. The detoxification of cotton and rapeseed cakes and the fermentation of grass powder can generate bacterial proteins and vitamins. Feathers and blood meal can improve digestibility through bacterial degradation and fermentation. This is a high-quality protein source rich in sulfur amino acids. 3 Cell engineering Single-cell protein feeds, ie, microbial proteins, are proteins produced by industrial fermentation, such as yeasts, non-pathogenic bacteria, molds, and algae. Fibrinase, lipase, lactic acid enzyme, phytase, etc. have been widely added to the feed, thereby greatly improving the feed conversion rate and animal productivity, and also reducing the environmental pollution caused by excreta, slowing down the current feed shortage and food Inadequate an important way. The industrial and agricultural by-products that can be used are: effluent from various industries such as brewing, tasting, starch, papermaking, and sugar. Waste residue; Cellulose resources such as plant stalks, shells, slag slag, sawdust and other agricultural and forestry waste; petroleum derivatives. 4 Other oligopeptides of certain amino acids are not directly hydrolyzed in the gastrointestinal tract of animals and are not directly interfered with by anti-nutritional factors and are absorbed faster than single amino acids. In addition, certain oligopeptides can stimulate the growth of fibrinolytic bacteria in the rumen and exert hormonal functions in animals. Therefore, the use of oligopeptides as feed additives is attracting people's interest. Research in this area is deepening. The addition of trace elements, depending on the organic ligand, is based on organic acids (lactic acid, citric acid, fumaric acid, etc.) as ligands, and sugars (lactose, glucose and polysaccharides) as ligands. Amino acids (lysine and methionine, etc.) and peptides are ligands. Among them, single amino acid and trace element complexes or guanidines are the most popular products. Scientific colleagues have conducted many studies on the biological activities of these products on various animals, but the results obtained are not consistent. Some studies have shown that the biological activity of amino acid trace elements is higher than that of their inorganic salts, while other studies have not shown significant differences in the biological activities of the two, and some experiments have found that trace element clusters in the selenium state are too complex. Close and difficult to use in the body. Another type of organic trace element additive product is a microorganism that can be enriched in trace elements through specific biotechnology to produce microbiological products rich in trace elements. The United States has produced selenium yeast containing 110-3 to 210-3 selenium and a yeast product of 110-3 chromium. The biological activity of yeast selenium is significantly higher than that of inorganic selenium. Compared with inorganic chromium, yeast drill can significantly increase pig lean meat productivity, reduce carcass fat deposition, can enhance the immune function of stressed cattle, and greatly reduce the incidence and mortality of stressed cattle. It has been ascertained that the yeast drill exists in the form of the niacin complex, and that U.S. related companies have produced another organic chromium that is structurally very similar to the road-nicotinic acid complex. Biological activity is higher than inorganic chromium. Like the yeast lattice, it can significantly increase pig lean meat deposits and reduce fat deposition; after immunization with weaned pigs, immune function is enhanced; and the initial weight of live litter and weaning weight of the litters produced by the breeding sows are significantly increased. Domestic and foreign workers are developing feed microbiological products rich in other trace elements (copper and zinc, etc.) and similar organic products. In addition to the nutrients needed to add animals, many nutrients such as fatty acids, amino acids, Sugar and vitamins, minerals, etc. affect the expression of many genes. The expression of phosphoenolpyruvate shuttle kinase (PEPCK) is regulated by the sugar content of the diet, which is the key enzyme in gluconeogenesis in the liver and wild. Metal iron regulates the level of transferrin and ferritin by controlling mRNA stability and translation process. Drilling can increase the transcription rate of metal thiol genes. Zinc binds the activator protein to the enhancement of DNA by "zinc fingers." Several gene expressions.
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