American scientists used "genetic scissors" to edit the genome of experimental mouse cells, successfully transforming skin cells into stem cells, and opened up new avenues for cultivating induced pluripotent stem cells.
Induced pluripotent stem cells are obtained by "reprogramming" mature cells, and have the potential to differentiate into a variety of cells like embryonic stem cells, which can be used to repair damaged tissues and organs. “Genetic Scissors†refers to the CRISPR gene editing technology, which allows you to pinpoint the position of a string of genes in a genome, delete or modify it, just like editing an article on a computer.
The Gladstone Institute of the United States recently issued a press release saying that the researchers found that using a "genetic scissors" to modify the genome, the skin cells can be reprogrammed and transformed into stem cells. Related papers were published in the new issue of Cell-Stem Cell.
Each cell has a complete genome of the organism whose specific identity and function depend on which genes are in working order. In skin cells, genes associated with skin function are turned on and other genes are turned off. To turn it into a stem cell, turn off skin-related genes and turn on genes related to stem cell function.
In previous studies, several proteins called transcription factors were used to adjust the genomic code reading process and change the working state of each gene. Another method is to stimulate cells with chemicals. It is the first time to directly modify the genome to produce stem cells.
The researchers selected two genes, Oct4 and Sox2, which are critical for stem cell pluripotency, which are expressed only in stem cells, open other genes involved in stem cell function, and shut down unrelated genes. Experiments have found that activation of either of the two genes triggers reprogramming of the cell, causing it to "transform" into pluripotent stem cells, and activation requires only a modification of the genetic code. (Xinhua News Agency)
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