In early summer, dairy cows are highly sensitive to the combination of high temperature and humidity. When the daily average temperature exceeds 24°C—the critical threshold—milk production starts to drop. To maintain high yields and stable performance during these challenging conditions, special management strategies should be implemented.
First, adjust the diet to meet the cows’ increased energy needs. Provide high-quality forage and supplement with more concentrates or fat-rich ingredients to boost energy intake. Options like soybeans, cottonseed, and animal fats can be used, with supplements ranging from 1% to 15%. In total mixed rations, increase protein levels by 1–2%, aiming for a protein content of around 19%. However, crude fiber should not be excessive, especially in silage. Research shows that cows producing over 32 kg of milk per day should be fed between 17–22 kg of silage daily in summer to optimize digestion and milk output.
Second, enhance hydration by offering nutrient-dense drinks. Prepare balanced, energy-rich beverages to stimulate appetite. A practical approach is to mix 140 kg of feed with 600 kg of water, boil it into a thin porridge-like consistency, and add 9 kg of brown sugar. This mixture should be offered three times a day on top of the remaining feed, ensuring complete consumption.
Third, improve cooling measures. Install shading structures, ensure good ventilation, and use water misting systems on the floor, walls, and cows. Fans can be placed outside the barn, while cold water is sprayed on the animals and surrounding areas to lower body temperatures effectively.
Fourth, adjust feeding times. Since heat reduces appetite during the day, feed cows primarily in the cooler evening hours. This helps reduce heat stress, minimize leftover feed, and ultimately improve milk yield.
Fifth, focus on disease prevention. Keep the barn clean by removing manure regularly and controlling pests like flies and mosquitoes. Maintain hygiene to prevent illness. Avoid breeding and calving during the hottest months. If calving occurs, provide cows with brown sugar or wheat bran soup to support recovery and help expel the placenta. Avoid milking at midday when it's hottest. Before milking, wash the udder with warm water, and after milking, use a 0.1% potassium permanganate solution to reduce the risk of mastitis.
By implementing these strategies, dairy farmers can better manage their herds during hot and humid seasons, ensuring both cow health and consistent milk production.
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