In winter, the outside temperature drops significantly, making it challenging to maintain a balanced environment inside poultry houses. The conflict between insulation and ventilation often leads to poor air quality, which can negatively impact poultry health and productivity. When pollution levels are low, poultry may not show immediate signs of distress, leading to oversight by farm staff. However, prolonged exposure to even low levels of pollutants can gradually harm the birds. When multiple adverse factors coexist, such as poor air quality and temperature fluctuations, the risk of bacterial or viral infections increases. Therefore, managing the housing environment becomes crucial for achieving high yields in poultry farming during the cold season.
The author recommends that farmers focus on five key aspects—temperature, air quality, humidity, lighting, and hygiene—and implement scientific management practices to steadily improve aquaculture efficiency.
**1. Temperature**
Temperature plays a critical role in poultry health, growth, reproduction, and egg production. Fluctuations in temperature can have significant effects:
- **Reproduction**: Extreme temperatures can reduce reproductive performance. High temperatures may lower semen quality, decrease ejaculate volume, and reduce the proportion of live sperm. Cold temperatures can delay the production of rooster sperm, while both high and low temperatures can affect fertilization rates and hatchability.
- **Growth and Egg Production**: Poultry thrive within specific temperature ranges. For example, chicks require 32°C in their first week, decreasing gradually as they grow. Excessive heat can slow growth and increase mortality, while cold temperatures reduce feed utilization. Turkeys perform best at 15.6–12.1°C, and egg-laying hens benefit from a range of 10–36°C, with an optimal range of 13–23°C. Continuous temperatures below 7°C can harm egg production and feed efficiency.
- **Health**: Both heat and cold stress weaken the immune system, making poultry more susceptible to diseases like Salmonella, Newcastle disease, and avian flu. Cold weather also increases the risk of respiratory and skin infections, especially when birds are overcrowded. Proper thermal regulation is essential to prevent these issues.
**2. Air Quality**
Air quality is another vital factor in maintaining a healthy poultry environment:
- **Ammonia**: Ammonia gas, produced from decomposing manure, can irritate the respiratory tract and weaken immunity. Levels above 20 mg/L can cause visible damage and increase susceptibility to diseases like Newcastle disease. Poor ventilation in winter exacerbates this issue.
- **Carbon Monoxide**: In heated poultry houses, incomplete combustion of fuel can lead to carbon monoxide poisoning, affecting the nervous and circulatory systems.
- **Microorganisms**: Pathogenic bacteria and viruses spread through dust, droplets, and aerosols, increasing the risk of respiratory infections.
- **Particulates**: Dust and particles can irritate the respiratory system, causing bronchitis and pneumonia. High humidity can worsen this by forming harmful mixtures with ammonia.
**3. Humidity**
Humidity levels directly influence poultry health:
- **High Humidity**: Above 70% RH can promote fungal and bacterial growth, increasing disease incidence. However, it can also help settle dust, improving air quality.
- **Low Humidity**: Dry air can dry out skin and mucous membranes, increasing vulnerability to infections. It can also hinder feather development and contribute to conditions like ascites in broilers.
**4. Lighting**
Lighting affects behavior, growth, and egg production:
- **Duration**: Proper lighting schedules (e.g., 23 hours of light and 1 hour of darkness) help chicks adapt and control sexual maturity. Longer light periods can accelerate maturation and improve egg production.
- **Intensity**: Light intensity should be carefully controlled. Too much can cause stress, while too little reduces food intake and activity. Optimal intensities vary depending on the stage of development.
- **Color**: Different light colors have varying effects. Red light can boost egg production and calm broilers, while green light may enhance immunity but reduce egg output.
**5. Hygiene**
Maintaining cleanliness is essential for preventing disease:
- Regular cleaning, waste removal, and disinfection are necessary. Disinfectants should be used carefully to avoid stressing the birds. Proper timing and application methods are crucial to ensure effectiveness without harming the poultry.
By addressing these five key areas, poultry farmers can create a healthier, more productive environment, ultimately boosting overall efficiency and profitability.
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