For the environmental problems caused during the pig production process, the usual response measures are mainly to increase the piggery's ability to handle the waste. However, sewage treatment is not only a passive measure to stop the symptoms, but also greatly increases the cost of pig production. To fundamentally and effectively reduce the environmental pollution caused by swine production, comprehensive consideration should be given to animal nutrition and feeding management.
I. Accurately assess the nutritional needs of pigs and the nutritional value of feed ingredients
Unbalanced diets or excess nutrients in pig diets can cause excess nutrients to excrete with the excreta and pollute the environment. Therefore, designing diets with nutritional levels that are basically consistent with animal physiological needs is the key to reducing nutrient waste. Precise feeding technology is based on the actual needs of each individual in the group to supply nutrients, so it is considered to be an essential means to increase the utilization of nitrogen, phosphorus, and other nutrients in the diet and reduce the cost of feeding and nutrient excretion. The study found that precision feeding technology was used to assess the lysine requirement of growing and finishing pigs and found that precision feeding can significantly reduce nitrogen and phosphorus intake and excretion. In addition, with the diet should also consider the choice of feed ingredients and nutrient composition of raw materials. There are various feed ingredients for pigs, and there is a difference in the availability of nutrients for animals. Indigestible and unusable nutrients are excreted. The use of high digestibility, high availability of feed ingredients to absorb most of their nutrients and to be used as much as possible by animal production is one of the means to reduce nutrient excretion. The same feed ingredients, the nutrient content of different producing areas and varieties will also be different. The study found that there was a significant difference in digestive energy and metabolic energy among different maize varieties in the same region, and there was also a difference in digestive energy among maize from the same variety in different producing areas. Therefore, actual measured values ​​of the nutrient content of feed ingredients should be used as much as possible in the actual diet formulation design.
Second, stage feeding, male and female feeding
Feeding at the implementation stage can meet the nutritional needs of different growth stages of animals. As weight gains, pigs gradually reduce the need for most nutrients. Adjusting the diet formula according to the changes in the nutritional requirements of pigs at different stages will reduce the gap between dietary nutrients and requirements, thereby reducing nutrient excretion. Studies have shown that three-stage feeding can reduce nitrogen emissions by 16% compared to feeding the same diet at the growing and finishing stages.
III. Formulating diets based on the ideal protein model
It is not enough to consider the crude protein level in feed formulation. The ideal protein technology is to provide the same amount of various amino acids as the pig needs to maintain growth, based on digestible amino acids. The closer the proportion of various amino acids in the diet is to the ideal protein model, the higher the nitrogen utilization rate. The most effective way to reduce nitrogen output is to reduce the protein content in the diet while maintaining the balance of dietary amino acids and meeting the needs of growth and development. At present, the study of low-protein diets in the swine industry is relatively mature. Low-protein diets are diets in which the dietary protein levels are reduced by 2 to 4 percent according to the NRC (1998) recommended standard, and appropriate synthetic amino acids are added, and the amount of protein raw materials is reduced to meet animal needs for amino acids. Many studies have shown that supplementation of amino acids in low protein diets can reduce nitrogen excretion by 20%.
4. Add phytase to diet to reduce phosphorus excretion
The presence of phosphorus in feed ingredients affects its availability. Most of the phosphorus in vegetable raw materials is in the form of phytate phosphorus, which accounts for the proportion of total phosphorus from 60% (bean pods) to 80% (rice pods). Phytate phosphorus must be enzymatically hydrolyzed to release inorganic phosphorus for use by pigs. The monogastric animal itself does not degrade phytase endogenous enzymes, and its utilization rate is very low. A large amount of phytate phosphorus that cannot be digested and absorbed enters the environment through excrement. Research shows that only 36% of the phosphorus in the diet is used by growing pigs, and 55% is excreted in the form of fecal phosphorus. The addition of phytase to low-phosphorus diets in weaned piglets showed a linear decrease in per unit weight-weighted phosphorus emissions as dietary phytase additions increased. The addition of phytase to the diet releases phosphorus that can be used by the animal, so that most of the plant-derived phosphorus originally excreted in the feces is digested, absorbed and utilized, and the excretion of phosphorus in the feces is reduced by 30% to 50%.
Fifth, adjust the level of trace elements in the diet and add methods
High copper and high zinc can improve animal performance, but nearly 90% to 95% of them will be excreted. It is generally believed that when copper and zinc in soil reach 100-200 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg, respectively, soil copper and zinc pollution and plant poisoning can be caused. Therefore, China has limited the level of trace elements in feed, so it should be added in accordance with the recommendations of the Ministry of Agriculture on the "safe use of feed additives." The trace element amino acid chelate is the latest generation of trace element additive that is chelated by amino acids and trace elements in a certain proportion. Because it is close to the natural form of the animal body, it can be directly absorbed and utilized. When used in feed, the trace element utilization rate High and can reduce environmental pollution. Studies have shown that the addition of low-dose (105 mg/kg) organic copper has higher copper absorption and utilization than copper sulfate and can reduce excretion of fecal copper. Therefore, inorganic trace elements in pig diets should be replaced with organic trace elements when formulating diets.
Six, rational use of feed additives
As an important trace active ingredient in compound feeds, feed additives play an important role in improving the nutrition of formulated feeds, improving feed utilization, promoting growth and development, preventing diseases, reducing feed nutrient losses, and improving the quality of livestock products. Feed additives currently used in environmentally friendly feeds include enzyme preparations, probiotics, plant extracts, organic acids, oligosaccharides and deodorants. The study found that the addition of xylan and β-glucanase to corn pod-type diets showed that pigs' digestibility of crude fiber increased by 48.9% and crude protein digestibility increased by 16.5%. Acidifiers can increase the acidity of gastric juices, promote the proliferation of beneficial bacteria such as lactic acid bacteria, inhibit the growth of E. coli and other exotic bacteria, and increase the activity of enzymes in the stomach, thereby promoting the absorption of dietary nutrients and improving the efficiency of feed conversion.
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