China's South American white shrimp aquaculture industry has experienced rapid development, with broodstock breeding and seedling cultivation playing a vital role. However, challenges such as the lack of specific pathogens-free (SPF) and specific pathogen-resistant (SPR) shrimp in healthy parentage, along with outdated disease detection methods, have hindered progress in genetic improvement. This has led to weak parental selection, excessive inbreeding, and high mortality rates due to diseases like White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV), Taura Syndrome Virus (TSV), and Infectious Hypodermal and Hematopoietic Necrosis Virus (IHHNV). These issues result in poor growth performance, uneven size distribution, and increased feed conversion ratios, which negatively impact the quality of shrimp germplasm.
To address these problems, significant efforts have been made to develop high-quality, disease-free broodstock. The process involves selecting fast-growing, disease-tolerant strains such as AF1, importing SPF parents from the U.S. (BF1), and ensuring they are free from WSSV, TSV, and IHHNV through PCR testing. Broodstock are raised in isolated, controlled environments, with strict sanitation measures applied to water, feed, and facilities. This approach helps establish SPF breeding lines and ensures the production of superior shrimp for commercial use.
Broodstock management includes virus screening, proper stocking densities, and maintaining optimal water conditions. Shrimp are raised in ponds with careful monitoring of growth, health, and environmental factors. Healthy feeding practices, including high-quality feeds and live bait, combined with microbial supplements, help maintain a balanced aquatic ecosystem. Integrated systems, such as polyculture with predatory fish and the use of bio-remediation techniques, further enhance water quality and disease prevention.
After four months of cultivation, broodstock reach sizes suitable for breeding, with improved growth rates and disease resistance. Comparative studies show that shrimp bred from SPF stock outperform conventional ones in terms of yield and body weight. Over the years, the number of broodstock pairs has increased significantly, contributing to the sustainability and profitability of the industry.
The ripening and breeding of broodstock involve careful management of nutrition, water quality, and mating conditions. Female shrimp are often treated to stimulate gonadal development, while males are provided with adequate lighting and food to encourage mating. Mating success increases over time, and egg production is closely related to the size and maturity of the broodstock.
Challenges remain, particularly in ensuring proper nutrition during ripening and optimizing mating rates. Environmental factors, sex ratios, and water quality all play critical roles in successful breeding. Additionally, reducing broodstock mortality during cultivation requires attention to temperature control, sterilization, and disease prevention strategies.
Through continuous research and innovation, the industry has successfully cultivated large numbers of SPF broodstock, leading to improved productivity and economic returns. In 2004, 30,000 broodstock pairs were raised, generating 160,000 yuan in revenue and 90,000 yuan in profit. By 2006, this number had doubled, with 60,000 pairs producing 280,000 yuan in value and 130,000 yuan in profit. These achievements highlight the importance of advanced broodstock management in driving the sustainable growth of the shrimp farming sector.
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