Apple cultivation requires careful attention to several key practices for optimal growth and fruit quality. First, winter pruning is essential to ensure good air circulation and light penetration. Proper branch arrangement—large, medium, and small branch groups—should be established, along with a balanced distribution of vegetative and fruiting branches. The upper and lower branch groups must also be arranged in a way that promotes even development and prevents overcrowding.
Second, fruit thinning is crucial to control tree load. Following the principle of a 3:1 fruit-to-leaf ratio or spacing fruits 25–30 cm apart, it’s important to remove excess fruits. This ensures each remaining fruit receives adequate nutrients, leading to better size and quality. A typical yield per acre should be around 2,500–3,000 kg.
Third, pest and disease management must be strict. Common issues such as apple ringworm, rot, anthracnose, mold heart, peach borer, pear spot borer, red and white spider mites, and leaf miners should be addressed promptly. Timely treatment helps prevent significant damage and maintains plant health.
Fourth, proper fertilization and irrigation are the foundation of successful apple production. Key watering stages include germination water, cell division water (first fruit expansion), and fruit volume increase (second expansion), as well as frozen water. Fertilization should focus on organic materials, with balanced application of NPK and trace elements. Applying 2–3 cubic meters of organic fertilizer per acre, along with 100–150 kg of NPK and 10 kg of micronutrients, supports healthy growth.
Fifth, maintaining balanced nutrition is vital to prevent calcium deficiency, which can lead to black spot disease. Spraying ammoniacal calcium or quick-acting calcium 3–4 times over a two-week period after spraying can help. Mixing chemical fertilizers with organic ones reduces nutrient fixation and antagonistic effects. Limiting nitrogen use is also recommended to avoid overgrowth.
Sixth, choosing high-quality fruit bags is important. Bags should be breathable, durable, and resistant to aging and decay. It’s best to use branded products from reputable manufacturers like Yangyang or Bajia.
Seventh, bagging should follow specific guidelines. Focus on lower parts of the canopy, outer branches, and areas with direct sunlight. Avoid over-bagging in shaded areas and ensure even coverage. Proper placement enhances fruit appearance and protects against pests.
Eighth, timing is critical for bagging. Begin when young fruits reach 2–3 mm in diameter. Before bagging, spray the entire orchard to eliminate pests and wait until the solution dries before applying the bags. If rain occurs, re-spray and re-bag if necessary.
Ninth, select fruits carefully for bagging. Choose those that are smooth, without blemishes, and in an upright or drooping position. Avoid damaged or misshapen fruits to ensure uniform quality.
Tenth, use safe and environmentally friendly pesticides. Opt for green, non-toxic options such as lime sulfur, carbendazim, or other trusted brands. Always choose products from reliable manufacturers to ensure effectiveness and safety for both plants and consumers.
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