Aquaculture starts with water, and quality water produces healthy fish. In recent years, as aquaculture has become more intensive, water quality has deteriorated, and the occurrence of diseases has increased. Managing water quality has now become a top priority for farmers.
**1. Characteristics of Water Quality Management in Aquaculture During Summer**
Water quality changes continuously throughout the summer. At the beginning of the farming cycle, the biomass in the pond is low, organic matter is minimal, and dissolved oxygen levels are sufficient. The pond maintains a relatively stable ecological balance due to aerobic microbial decomposition. However, as the breeding period progresses, organic matter accumulates. With rising temperatures and continuous feeding from seeding to harvesting, fish excrete waste, algae grow and die, and high stocking density leads to overfeeding. Excess feed, feces, and dead organisms accumulate in the water, leading to changes in pH, increased ammonia and nitrite levels, reduced water clarity, and an imbalance in the ecosystem. These conditions promote the growth of harmful bacteria, often resulting in fish disease outbreaks between July and August.
**2. Key Points for Water Quality Control in Summer Aquaculture**
**1) pH: A Critical Water Quality Indicator**
pH is a vital parameter in aquaculture. Freshwater typically requires a pH range of 6.5 to 9.0, while marine environments usually maintain between 7.5 and 8.5. If the pH is too low (below 6.5), it can reduce blood oxygen levels in aquatic animals, causing physiological hypoxia. Even with sufficient dissolved oxygen, fish and shrimp may float. Conversely, a high pH can damage gill tissues, impairing respiration and potentially leading to mass mortality.
**2) Dissolved Oxygen: Essential for Aquatic Life**
Dissolved oxygen is crucial for the survival of fish, shrimp, and crabs. Levels should be maintained between 5–8 mg/L, with a minimum of 4 mg/L. Low oxygen can cause floating, reduced growth, and stress. On the other hand, excessive oxygen can lead to gas bubble disease in aquatic animals.
**3) Ammonia Nitrogen Toxicity Control**
Ammonia nitrogen comes from uneaten feed, animal waste, and decomposing plants. It is highly toxic at high concentrations. At low levels (0.01–0.02 mg/L), it can cause chronic poisoning and slow growth. At higher concentrations (0.05–0.2 mg/L), it damages internal organs and can be lethal. To prevent ammonia buildup, farmers should clean ponds, manage stocking density, use quality feed, avoid overfeeding, and regularly monitor water quality. Adding zeolite powder or using biological treatments can help absorb ammonia and improve water conditions.
**4) Nitrite: A Major Cause of Fish Disease**
Nitrite is an intermediate product in the nitrification process. High levels can oxidize hemoglobin in fish, reducing their oxygen-carrying capacity and causing yellow blood disease. Nitrite levels should be kept below 0.1 mg/L. When levels are high, partial water changes, aeration, and the use of bactericides and zeolite can help reduce nitrite concentrations.
**5) Poor Water Color and Algae Imbalance**
Cloudy or white water is often caused by excess zooplankton or dying phytoplankton. This can lead to poor water clarity and oxygen depletion. To address this, farmers should adjust feeding, aerate the water, and introduce new water. Using biological fertilizers and beneficial bacteria can help restore healthy algae growth and improve overall water quality.
In summary, effective water management is essential for successful aquaculture. By monitoring key parameters like pH, dissolved oxygen, ammonia, and nitrite, and taking timely corrective actions, farmers can maintain a healthy environment for aquatic life and minimize disease outbreaks.
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