Aquaculture begins with water, and quality water leads to healthy fish. In recent years, as aquaculture has become more intensive, water quality has deteriorated, and the occurrence of diseases has increased. Managing water quality has become a top priority for farmers.
**1. Characteristics of Water Quality Management in Aquaculture During Summer**
Summer brings continuous changes in water quality. At the early stage of aquaculture, the biomass is low, organic matter is minimal, and dissolved oxygen levels are sufficient. Microbial decomposition occurs under aerobic conditions, maintaining a relatively stable ecological balance. As the breeding period progresses, organic matter accumulates due to feeding, waste excretion, and algae growth and death. Rising water temperatures, combined with high stocking densities, lead to overfeeding, which results in leftover feed, fish waste, and dead algae accumulating in the water. Over time, these substances build up, causing pH fluctuations, increased ammonia and nitrite levels, reduced water clarity, and the proliferation of harmful bacteria. These conditions often lead to outbreaks of disease, with peak mortality typically occurring in July and August.
**2. Key Points in Summer Water Quality Control**
**1) pH: A Vital Indicator of Water Quality**
pH is a critical factor in aquaculture. It should be maintained between 7.5 and 8.5 in saltwater and 6.5 to 9.0 in freshwater. Extreme pH levels can harm aquatic life. If the pH is too low (below 6.5), it can reduce blood oxygen-carrying capacity, leading to physiological anoxia. Even with high dissolved oxygen, fish may float. High pH can damage gills and cause mass mortality.
**2) Dissolved Oxygen: Essential for Aquatic Life**
Dissolved oxygen is crucial for the survival of aquatic animals. Levels should be kept between 5–8 mg/L, with a minimum of 4 mg/L. Low oxygen causes stress, slow growth, and even death. Excess oxygen can lead to gas bubble disease in fish and shrimp.
**3) Controlling Ammonia Nitrogen Toxicity**
Ammonia nitrogen comes from feed, animal waste, fertilizers, and decaying organisms. At low concentrations (0.01–0.02 mg/L), it can cause chronic poisoning. At higher levels (0.05–0.2 mg/L), it damages internal organs, and at lethal levels (0.2–0.5 mg/L), it causes acute poisoning.
To prevent ammonia buildup: clear ponds, avoid overstocking, use quality feed, manage waste, and regularly aerate. Zeolite powder and biological treatments can help absorb ammonia and improve water quality.
**4) Nitrite: A Major Cause of Fish Disease**
Nitrite is an intermediate in the nitrification process. High levels can oxidize hemoglobin in fish, reducing oxygen transport. Nitrite levels should remain below 0.1 mg/L. If high, gradually replace water, use disinfectants, and apply zeolite powder to absorb toxins.
**5) Dealing with Poor Water Color**
Water discoloration often results from excessive zooplankton or algal die-offs. To address this, reduce feed, add fresh water, and use biological fertilizers. Aerator use, oxygen boosters, and beneficial bacteria like photosynthetic bacteria can restore water balance. After sudden changes, provide vitamins and allicin to support recovery.
In summary, effective water management during summer is essential for preventing disease, maintaining health, and ensuring sustainable aquaculture production. Regular monitoring, timely interventions, and proper feeding practices are key to long-term success.
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