Sheep fattening feed additives include nutritive additives and non-nutritive additives. Their functions are to supplement or balance feed nutrient components, improve feed palatability and utilization, promote sheep's growth and development, improve metabolism, accelerate growth, and shorten fattening. Period, increase the economic benefits of sheep fattening.
Non-protein nitrogen Non-protein nitrogen includes protein-degraded intermediates—nitrogen, amides, amino acids, as well as urea, biuret, and some ammonium salts. The most common of these is urea. These non-protein nitrogens can provide rumen microorganisms with a nitrogen source for the synthesis of proteins. The content of urea is 47%. If all of them are used by rumen microbes, the nutritional value of 1 kg of urea is equivalent to 2.8 kg of crude protein or the nutritional value of 7 kg of soybean cake protein is equal to the nitrogen content of 26 kg of grass seed. Therefore, replacing some of the feed protein with non-protein substances such as urea can promote rapid growth of the sheep and reduce feed costs.
The amount of urea and the amount of urea fed must be strictly controlled. The amount of urea should not be more than 1/3 of the dietary crude protein, or 1% of the dietary dry matter, or 0.02% to 0.03% of the goat's body weight. Feeding, that is, every 10 kilograms of body weight, daily feed urea 2 grams to 3 grams. When used, the quantitative urea is first dissolved in water, and then the concentrate is mixed in. The daily supply is divided into 2 to 3 doses, and the feeding amount is less. The transition period is changed to normal after 5 days to 7 days. Supply.
One of the precautions for feeding urea is that the urea can not be fed dry or fed separately. Usually, the urea is completely dissolved and sprayed on the concentrate before feeding. The second is not to drink water immediately after feeding, to prevent urea directly into the stomach, can not be fed fast, to avoid excessive urea concentration in the rumen. When feeding, rumen microorganisms should be supplied with sufficient nutrients, such as corn with more starch, sorghum, etc., in order to increase the reproduction capacity of rumen microbes and accelerate the use of ammonia. In addition, the addition of calcium hydrogen phosphate, potassium sulfate (sodium) to the diet to increase the level of sulfur and phosphorus can also increase the utilization of urea. Third, urea is fed only when the dietary protein is insufficient (less than 12%). When the diet is rich in protein, the rumen microorganisms use organic nitrogen, and feeding urea causes waste. The fourth is to continue to feed urea until slaughtered sheep after slaughter. The fifth is the use of "safe non-protein nitrogen" products such as beef and sheep (also known as urea phosphate), biuret, isobutyl diurea, etc. These products can make the decomposition rate of urea in the rumen slow, which is beneficial to The full use of ammonia by microorganisms.
Rescue of sheep urea poisoning When the amount of urea is too large or the method of use is not appropriate, when ruminal microorganisms use urea at a rate lower than the rate of urea decomposition, part of the ammonia enters the blood circulation, the concentration of blood ammonia increases, and ammonia poisoning occurs. In the case of urea poisoning, the sheep showed general nervousness, indecisiveness, muscle tremor, dyskinesia, struggling, howling, and even lying in the ground, suffocating and dying. First-aid methods can be intravenous injection of 10% to 25% of glucose, each 100 ml to 200 ml; or irrigation vinegar to neutralize ammonia; or cold water irrigation, to reduce the temperature of rumen fluid, thereby reducing urea decomposition, cold water also Can dilute the concentration of ammonia, reduce the rate of absorption of ammonia in the rumen, cold water and vinegar at the same time better effect of irrigation.
The trace elements of minerals used in sheep fattening can regulate the metabolism of body energy, protein and fat, increase the feed intake of sheep, promote the digestion of nutrients, stimulate growth, and increase the rate of weight gain and feed utilization. The amount of trace elements should be added according to the nutritional needs of the fattening sheep. Trace elements can be made into premixes. The formula is 803.1 kg of calcium carbonate per ton of premix, 50 kg of ferrous sulfate, 6 kg of copper sulfate, and zinc sulfate. 80 kg, 60 kg of manganese sulfate, 0.8 kg of cobalt chloride, and 0.1 kg of sodium selenite. Add 10 g to 15 g of premix per day per sheep and mix evenly in concentrated feed; or prepare trace elements. Salt-forming bricks allow the sheep to feed freely. Generally adding trace elements increases the weight gain by 10% to 20% compared to no addition.
Vitamin Additives Due to the ability of the ruminal microorganisms of the sheep to synthesize B vitamins and vitamin K and vitamin C, it is not necessary to add them separately. However, sufficient vitamin A, vitamin D, and vitamin E should be provided in the diet to meet the needs of fattening sheep. The use of vitamin additives should be carried out according to the nutritional needs of the sheep. In the case of insufficient vitamins in the feed, appropriate amounts should be added. Generally, 20 to 30 kilograms of lambs need to be fattened each day for vitamin A 200 international units to 210 international units, and vitamin D 57 international units to 61 international units. When vitamins are added, attention should be paid to the interactions with trace elements. Most vitamins and mineral elements can interact and fail, so it is best not to prepare them together as a premix, or to formulate minerals and vitamins with embedded forms of vitamins. Premix.
Rare earth rare earth is a general term for the 17 elements in the periodic table, including yttrium, lanthanum, and all lanthanides. It can be used as a feed additive for livestock and poultry production, and has good feeding effects and high economic benefits. Zhang Yingjie et al. conducted a rare earth feeding experiment on Small Tail Han sheep. Under the conditions of grazing and supplementation, each sheep in the experimental group was supplemented with 0.5 g of rare earth nitrate for a test period of 60 days. The results showed that the average weight of the sheep added with the rare earth group was 11.2% higher than that without the rare earth group, and the economic benefit was significant. Zhang Qiru reported that fine-wool sheep were fed with rare-earth additives at a dosage of 10 mg per kilogram of body weight for a period of 3 months. The weight of the rare earth-raised sheep was 2.07 kg, which was 54.79% higher than that of the rare earth-fed sheep. Hair length increased by 0.3 cm, an increase of 12.5%. Wang Anqi reported that 0.2% of rare earth was added to the diet of sheep after finishing weaning. During the 60-day experimental period, the daily weight gain increased by 17.1%, 0.47 kg of feed was saved per kilogram of weight gain, and the feed conversion rate was increased by 14.29%.
Rare earth types commonly used as feed additives are rare earth nitrates, rare earth chloride salts, vitamin C rare earths and carbonate rare earths.
The bentonite bentonite is a metamorphic rock and it is a kind of clay with montmorillonite as its main component. The main components are calcium 10%, potassium 6%, aluminum 8%, magnesium 4%, iron 40%, sodium 2.5%, zinc 0.01%, manganese 0.3%, silicon 30%, cobalt 0.004%, copper 0.008%, chlorine 0.3% , there are molybdenum, titanium and so on. Bentonite has mineral elements that are beneficial to livestock and poultry organisms. It can change the enzyme or hormone activity or immune response in favor of livestock and poultry. It has a sucking effect on harmful toxins in the body and pathogens in the gastrointestinal tract, which is beneficial to the body's Health, improve the production performance of livestock and poultry. Zhang Shizhen reports that with the age of 2 to 3 years old, the Inner Mongolia fine-wool sheep flea grazing in the 100-day grazing period in the grassy period, each day is fed with 30 grams of bentonite and 100 grams of water, and the length of the sheep fed with bentonite group is increased by 0.48 compared with the control group. In centimeters, the shearing amount per square centimeter increases by 0.0398 grams.
Ruminin, also known as monensin, is an antibiotic produced by the fermentation of Streptomyces cinnamomea. Its function is to improve the rate of weight gain and feed conversion by reducing methane gas energy loss and feed protein degradation, deamination losses, and controlling and improving ruminal fermentation efficiency. Experimental studies have shown that when feeding rumen fed sheep, the daily weight gain is about 35% higher than that of the control sheep, and the feed conversion rate is increased by 27%. When growing goats were fed rumen, daily weight gain was 16%~32% higher than control sheep, and feed conversion rate was increased by 13%~19%. The amount of ruminal added is generally 25 mg to 30 mg per kilogram of dry matter added to the diet. The amount of rumen is evenly mixed in the feed. The initial amount of rumen can be lower and gradually increase.
Buffers The purpose of adding buffers is to improve the rumen environment and facilitate the growth and reproduction of microorganisms. When the sheep is intensively fattened, the amount of concentrate will increase and the amount of roughage will decrease. Excessive acid will form in the rumen, affecting the appetite of the sheep and inhibiting the ruminal microflora and reducing the digestibility of the feed. Adding buffer can increase the accumulation of alkaline substances in the rumen, neutralize acidic substances, promote appetite, increase the digestibility of feed and increase the weight of sheep. The commonly used buffers for sheep fattening include sodium bicarbonate and magnesium oxide. The amount of sodium bicarbonate is about 0.7% to 1.0% of the dry matter in the diet. Magnesium oxide is added in an amount of 0.03% to 0.5% of the dry matter in the diet. There should be less to more when adding buffers, so that the sheep has an adaptation process, in addition, sodium bicarbonate and magnesium oxide added at the same time better.
Dihydropyridine's role is to inhibit the peroxidation of lipid compounds, form a protective layer of the liver, inhibit the cell structure of the animal body, have certain functions of the natural antioxidant vitamin E, and increase the absorption of carotene and vitamin A in livestock. use. Zhou Kai et al. conducted a pilot study of the effect of dihydropyridine feeding growth sheep on weight gain. The experimental sheep were mainly grazing, and the weight of the year-old sheep with 200 mg of dihydropyridine supplemented per kilogram of concentrate was increased by 8.54 kg. The economic benefit was significant. When dihydropyridine is used, it should be protected from light and heat to avoid mixing with metallic copper ions, as copper is a particularly strong pro-oxidant. If used in combination with certain acidic substances (such as citric acid, phosphoric acid, ascorbic acid, etc.), the effect can be enhanced.
Enzymes Enzymes are proteins that are produced by living cells and have special catalytic capabilities. They are biocatalysts and play an important role in the digestion of feed nutrients. It can promote the hydrolysis of protein, fat, starch and cellulose, improve feed utilization, and promote animal growth. For example, the addition of cellulase to the feed can increase the ability of sheep to decompose cellulose and make full use of cellulose. Li Jingyun et al. reported that 25 g of cellulase was added to the breeding ewes and the fattening lambs each day. After the 45-day test period, the ewes were increased by 29.55 g per day compared to the control group. The bred gilts were tested for a period of 32 days. The daily weight gain was 34.06 grams more than the control group. The slaughter rate of fattened lambs increased by 2.83%, and the net meat weight increased by 1.80 kg.
Chinese Herbal Additives Herbal additives are natural Chinese herbal medicines, herbal extracts, or other processed residues that are added to the feed to prevent disease, improve the body's physiological condition, and promote growth. Zhang Yingjie, etc., conducted trials of Chinese herbal medicine supplements on fattening lambs of small-tail sheep, selected Chinese herbal medicines (astragalus, malt, hawthorn, dried tangerine peel, betel nut, etc.) with spleen and appetizers, aided digestion, and insect repellent, and they were comminuted and blended scientifically. Adding 15 grams per day, after two months of feeding period, the average weight of the experimental group increased by 2.69 kg compared with the control group, and the incidence was significantly reduced.
Bacitracin Bacillus zinc is a bacteriostasis and growth-promoting agent. It has a growth-promoting effect on livestock and poultry and is conducive to digestion and absorption of nutrients in the intestine, improving feed utilization and increasing body weight. Lamb dosage is 10 mg to 20 mg (420,000 units to 840,000 units) per kg of mixture. Mix evenly in the feed.
Olaquindoxa alcohol is also known as fast-breeding spirit, and is a synthetic antibacterial agent. Olaquindox can affect body metabolism and promote protein assimilation. After eating, it is mainly excreted through kidneys within 24 hours. Very low toxicity, use according to the effective dose, safety, side effects. Through domestic and foreign trials, lambs’ daily weight gain increased by 5% to 10%, and each unit of weight gain saved 6% of feed. Usage and Dosage: Evenly mixed in the feed, lambs per kg of dietary dry matter add olaquindox to 50 mg to 80 mg.
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