Factors influencing the fermentation of organic biofertilizers play a crucial role in transforming raw materials into high-quality compost using microbial starters. Several key factors determine the efficiency and success of the composting process. First, the organic matter content should ideally range between 20% and 80%, ensuring sufficient nutrients for microbial activity without causing excessive compaction or poor aeration. Second, moisture content is essential, with an optimal range of 50% to 60% (by mass), as this supports microbial growth and accelerates decomposition.
Adequate ventilation and oxygen supply are also critical, as microorganisms require oxygen to function efficiently. The ideal oxygen concentration during the process is between 14% and 17%, and the peak oxygen consumption rate typically occurs around 60 to 80 hours into the fermentation. The carbon-to-nitrogen (C/N) ratio is another vital parameter; the initial material should have a C/N ratio of approximately 30:1, while the optimal range for efficient composting lies between 26:1 and 35:1. This ratio can be calculated using the formula K = (C1 + C2)/(N1 + N2), where C1 and C2 represent the carbon content of the two materials, and N1 and N2 represent their nitrogen content.
In addition to the C/N ratio, the carbon-to-phosphorus (C/P) ratio should also be considered. An appropriate C/P ratio is generally between 75:1 and 150:1, which helps maintain a balanced nutrient profile for microbial activity. Temperature is another important factor, with the ideal range being 35°C to 55°C, as this supports the growth of thermophilic bacteria that drive the composting process. Finally, the final pH of the compost should be neutral to slightly alkaline, ranging from 7.0 to 8.0, ensuring it is safe and effective for agricultural use. By carefully managing these factors, the quality and effectiveness of bio-organic fertilizers can be significantly improved.
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