Proper preparation is essential before brooding. Before the hatching process begins, the brooding house must be thoroughly cleaned and disinfected. Start by washing the floor and walls, then apply a 0.3% strong disinfectant solution or a 0.5% poison solution, along with a 3% caustic soda hot solution to spray the entire area. This will effectively eliminate all viruses and bacteria. Afterward, the enclosed brooding house should be fumigated using 20 grams of potassium permanganate and 40 ml of formalin per cubic meter for one hour. During this time, feeding troughs, waterers, and other equipment can be placed inside to ensure complete disinfection. Once the fumigation is done, open windows and doors to allow air circulation for at least one day. After sterilization, no non-sterile items should be brought into the house to prevent recontamination.
When selecting chicks, it's crucial to choose only healthy ones. Each chick should be individually inspected based on specific criteria: clean vent area, no yellowish fecal matter, well-absorbed navel, no blood spots, good abdominal tone, no swollen belly, and normal eyes, legs, and claws. If any of these conditions are not met, the chick should not be used, as weak individuals tend to have lower survival rates and slower growth. Healthy chicks that meet all four standards are more likely to thrive.
Maintaining the right temperature and humidity in the brooding house is vital. In the first week, the temperature should be between 33°C and 35°C, decreasing by 2°C each week until the chicks can adapt to the ambient environment after about six weeks. While a thermometer is useful, observing the behavior of the chicks is equally important. If the temperature is too high, they may spread out, pant, lose appetite, and drink more. If it's too low, they might huddle together, make noise, and appear restless. The ideal condition is when the chicks are active, eating normally, and showing good energy. Proper temperature helps control diseases like white plague and coccidiosis, supports yolk sac absorption, and improves overall survival rates.
Humidity levels should be monitored using a hygrometer. The ideal range is 60–70% in the first week and 55–60% in the second week. Too much humidity can lead to poor air quality, increased harmful gases, and the growth of pathogens. Too little humidity can cause dust and respiratory issues. Maintaining optimal humidity is key to the health and development of the chicks.
Providing adequate drinking water is essential. Many farmers avoid giving water to newly hatched chicks due to fear of diarrhea, but this is unnecessary. Chicks should be given clean water immediately upon entering the brooding house. Add 1,000 units of penicillin per liter of water, and after two hours, switch to 3% brown sugar water. Later, warm water mixed with concentrated B-complex vitamins can be offered. Water should always be available to prevent dehydration, fighting over water, and cold stress, which can lead to serious losses if not managed properly.
Feeding practices should be carefully managed. Chicks should be fed once they begin searching for food, typically within 24 hours of hatching. Use high-quality compound feed, and feed them regularly. Initially, feed seven times a day for the first two weeks, gradually reducing to five times a week. Overfeeding can cause digestive problems, so feed them 80% full. From the third week onward, mix a small amount of clean sand into their feed to help improve digestion.
Breeding density also plays a significant role in chick health. High densities can lead to poor air quality, excessive ammonia, and unhygienic conditions, increasing the risk of disease and stress. On the other hand, low densities may not be efficient in terms of space and labor use. A general guideline is 30 chicks per square meter in the first week, decreasing to 25, 20, 15, and 10 or fewer in subsequent weeks.
Disease prevention is critical. After entering the brooding house, provide 0.01% potassium permanganate solution as drinking water to disinfect the gastrointestinal tract. Salmonellosis can be prevented by adding a bacterial antagonist to the water. Coccidiosis can be controlled using a coccidiostat. To manage stress, add succinate or vitamin K to the feed. Monthly deworming and insect control should also be part of the routine to keep the environment clean and safe for the chicks.
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