Macadamia nuts are generally affected by relatively few serious pests and diseases, but proper management is still essential. Key precautions include: 1) Thoroughly treating redness to prevent infestation. 2) Using broad-spectrum sprays that can control multiple pests at once. 3) Alternating pesticide use to reduce the development of resistance. 4) Ensuring spraying does not harm bees. 5) Employing natural predators for some pests, such as aphids and scale insects. These strategies are crucial in producing macadamia nuts with minimal pesticide residues.
**Major Diseases**
1. **Trunk Rot Disease**: This fungal disease affects both nurseries and orchards. Infected trees often show dark brown gum exudation, leading to trunk necrosis and eventual plant death. It thrives in humid conditions. Control measures include planting disease-free seedlings, scraping infected bark and applying copper oxychloride, and spraying with 58% thiazolycin Mn-Zn (Raydomir Manganese Zinc) diluted to 800–1000 times.
2. **Inflorescence Infectious Disease**: A fungal infection that starts as small necrotic spots on flower clusters, spreading rapidly under high humidity (95–100%) and temperatures between 18–22°C. The flowers turn black and remain attached. Control involves pruning to improve air circulation and spraying with 58% methosulfuron or 64% antivirus at recommended dilutions.
In recent years, a new issue called "rapid wilt disease" has emerged in adult macadamia trees. Symptoms include leaf chlorosis, rapid browning, and sudden plant death within two to three days. In Guangzhou, it occurs during hot and dry periods. Hawaii linked it to aphids and stem borers. Management includes early detection, scraping affected areas, and applying fresh cow dung mixed with indole acetic acid (IBA) to promote recovery.
**Major Insect Pests**
Adult macadamia trees host a wide range of insect pests. A survey in Guangzhou identified over 35 species, including moths, leafhoppers, thrips, and aphids.
1. **Branch Pests**: Wood moths and leafhoppers are the main culprits. Their larvae feed on young leaves or damage branches, causing them to break. Control involves injecting 40% omethoate into infested areas and burning egg-laying shoots.
2. **Leaf-Feeding Pests**: Young larvae feed on tender leaves, while mature ones cause defoliation. Bagworms are most active from July to September. Monitoring and timely intervention are key.
3. **Fruit Pests**: Moth and caterpillar larvae feed on fruit skins and kernels, causing damage and empty shells. Sucking pests like stink bugs and aphids also harm young fruits, leading to kernel discoloration and premature drop.
Control methods focus on integrated pest management: regular pruning, removing debris, using pig urine to attract parasitic flies, and releasing natural predators. Pesticides like pyrethroids (e.g., 20% fenvalerate, 5% rifazone, 10% cypermethrin) should be alternated to avoid resistance.
**Rodent Problems**
Rats become a major threat after the nuts begin to harden, often causing total crop loss. They also affect seedlings in nurseries. Preventive measures include clearing weeds, keeping tree crowns above 50 cm, wrapping trunks with smooth materials, collecting fallen nuts before night, and using traps and bait regularly.
Vtm Sampling Tube With Swab
[Sample requirements]
The collected nasopharyngeal swab samples should be transported at 2°C to 8°C and sent for inspection immediately, and the sample delivery and storage time should not exceed 48 hours.
[Testing method]
1. Before sampling, mark the relevant sample information on the label of the sampling tube.
2. According to different sampling requirements, use a sampling swab to sample in the nasopharynx.
3. The specific sampling methods are as follows:
a) Nasal swab: Gently insert the swab head into the nasal palate, stay for a while and then slowly turn to exit. Wipe the other nostril with another swab, immerse the swab head in the sampling solution, and discard the tail.
b) Pharyngeal swab: Wipe bilateral pharyngeal tonsils and posterior pharyngeal wall with a swab, also immerse the swab head in the sampling solution, and discard the tail.
4. Quickly put the swab into the sampling tube.
5. Break the part of the sampling swab higher than the sampling tube, and tighten the tube cover.
6. Freshly collected clinical specimens should be transported to the laboratory within 48 hours at 2°C to 8°C.
[Explanation of test results]
After the sample is collected, the sampling solution turns slightly yellow, which will not affect the nucleic acid test result.
[Limitations of the test method]
1. For samples that are seriously contaminated due to improper storage after collection, the final test results will be affected.
2. If the sample is not stored at the specified temperature, the final test result will be affected.
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