Banana wilt disease is a severe and highly contagious plant disease, classified as an international phytosanitary concern. It is caused by the fungus *Fusarium oxysporum* f. sp. *cubense*, which specifically targets banana plants. In our region, two main races are prevalent: Race 1 primarily affects pink bananas, while Race 4 infects both Cavendam and other banana varieties. The pathogen can persist in the soil for many years, often leading to yield losses of over 20%, and in extreme cases, total crop failure.
In the early stages, the disease manifests with yellowing at the base of the lower leaves and leaf sheaths, gradually spreading towards the midribs. This causes the entire leaf to turn yellow and wither quickly. The petiole folds down near the leaf sheath, resulting in drooping leaves. As the disease progresses, all leaves except the central ones turn brown and dry from the bottom up. The pseudostem cracks at the base, and the entire plant eventually wilts. When cut open, the rhizomes, bulbs, and pseudostems show red-brown discoloration in the vascular bundles.
The disease is a soil-borne vascular infection, with infected seedlings and contaminated soil being the primary sources of infection. Factors such as high temperatures, heavy rainfall, acidic soil, sandy loam, low fertility, poor drainage, and compacted subsoil contribute to its spread. The disease typically begins in June or July after planting and intensifies through August and September, peaking between October and November. Long-distance transmission occurs through the movement of infected seedlings, soil, and farm equipment, as well as through water and fungal spores.
To prevent and control the disease, strict quarantine measures must be implemented. First, nurseries should maintain high standards, ensuring that only healthy suckers are used for tissue culture seedlings. Greenhouses should be located on elevated ground, away from existing banana fields, and planted in pathogen-free soil with clean irrigation water. Disinfection using formalin and carbendazim is essential, and tools entering or leaving the area must be strictly controlled.
Healthy seedlings should be quarantined before and during transportation. Only certified, disease-free seedlings—such as those from tissue culture bottles or bags—should be planted. Farmers are advised to purchase only officially inspected and approved products.
Infected plants must be removed promptly. Diseased plants should be injected with glyphosate solution (10 ml for large plants, 3 ml for seedlings) at a height of 15 cm. Once dead, they should be burned or buried deeply. In areas with sporadic infections, the land should be replanted with non-host crops. In heavily affected regions, the soil around diseased plants should be treated with lime or carbendazim, followed by proper agricultural practices.
Agricultural control measures include sterilizing planting sites, tools, and organic fertilizers with agents like lime and carbendazim. Disease-free propagation materials and resistant varieties should be used. Techniques such as low-pressure micro-sprinklers, reduced tillage, and appropriate application of phosphorus, potassium, or organic fertilizers can help manage the disease. Crop rotation with rice or other non-host crops is also recommended.
Chemical control involves treating infected fields with carbendazim or similar fungicides 2–3 times to reduce the pathogen population in the soil. These combined efforts are crucial for managing banana wilt and protecting future banana production.
Pelvic External Fixation
There are two kinds of external fixations for pelvic fractures, namely temporary fixation and therapeutic fixation.
Temporary fixation depends on on-site assistance. Assuming that the patient has serious open injury, severe hemorrhagic shock, and serious fracture dislocation, the rescue personnel will provide temporary external fixation support to maintain the stability of the pelvis, reduce secondary injuries, and correct the continuous aggravation of hemorrhagic loss on the scene. The therapeutic external fixation stent is used to correct the dislocation of the fracture through routine examination after admission, evaluation of the injury, and external fixation installation through treatment, maintain the relative stability of the fracture, create a very quiet environment for the fracture healing, and lay the foundation for the healing of the fracture. External fixation is an important method for pelvic fractures.
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