Peas, also known as Dutch beans or golden beans, have seen an expansion in both planting periods and cultivated areas. However, with this growth, the incidence of pests and diseases has become increasingly severe. The main issues include powdery mildew, root rot, and the soybean aphid, with the latter being particularly challenging. These pests often go unnoticed by farmers until damage is already significant, leading to inadequate or improper control measures. As a result, production levels have dropped, and income has decreased. In some cases, entire fields have been lost. Therefore, integrated pest and disease management is crucial for sustainable pea cultivation.
**1. Main Pests and Diseases**
**Powdery Mildew**: Caused by the fungus *Erysiphe pisi*, this disease primarily affects leaves, stems, and pods. Initially, small yellowish spots appear on the leaves, which later expand into irregular patches and merge together. A white, powdery coating forms on the infected surfaces, spreading to the stems and pods over time. Severe infections cause yellowing and wilting of leaves and stems, and in the later stages, black dots may appear within the white layer. The disease typically starts from the lower leaves and progresses upward, especially during the flowering stage. It thrives in cool, humid conditions and can occur even in dry weather.
**Root Rot**: This disease is caused by *Fusarium solani* and mainly affects the roots and rhizomes. Infected plants show yellowing of the lower leaves that gradually moves upward, resulting in overall yellowing and wilting. The roots turn dark, with brown or reddish vascular discoloration. The base of the stem may shrink or develop lesions, and the plant becomes stunted. Yield is significantly reduced, and in severe cases, the whole field can be destroyed. Root rot is most prevalent during the flowering stage and spreads through soil, infected plant debris, or seeds. It thrives in warm temperatures (24–33°C) and is more common in drought-prone areas or after continuous cropping.
**Soybean Aphid (Blackfly)**: This pest attacks various legumes and overlaps in generations. The larvae bore into the stems, feeding on the pith and xylem. Once mature, they create exit holes and pupate. Affected plants show yellowing of the lower leaves, hollow stems, and eventual leaf drop. The blockage of nutrients and moisture leads to plant death. During the seedling stage, it disrupts nutrient transport, causes abnormal cell growth, and weakens the plant. Infested plants are more susceptible to root rot. Late-stage infestations lead to premature flower and pod drop, reducing yield. Many farmers confuse it with root rot, leading to incorrect pesticide use and missed control opportunities.
**2. Integrated Pest and Disease Management**
**1. Use Resistant Varieties**: Selecting resistant pea varieties, such as fine peas, can significantly reduce disease susceptibility.
**2. Crop Rotation**: Avoid planting peas in the same area consecutively. Rotate with non-legume crops like melons or grasses to break the disease cycle.
**3. Seed Treatment**: Treat seeds with 0.3% thiophanate-methyl or a mixture of 50% carbendazim and 75% chlorothalonil (1:1) before sowing. Keep the treated seeds covered for 48–72 hours.
**4. Field Management**: Practice proper fertilization and avoid overplanting in wet areas. Use ridge planting or sorghum intercropping. Increase phosphorus and potassium application while limiting nitrogen to improve plant resistance.
**5. Remove Diseased Plants**: Promptly remove and destroy infected plants, straw, and root pods. Bury them deeply or burn them to minimize disease spread.
**6. Chemical Control**: For soybean aphids, focus on the seedling stage. Apply 1.8% emamectin benzoate (2000x), 50% phoxim (1000x), or 48% imidacloprid (1000x) via irrigation or spraying. During flowering, target root rot and powdery mildew. Use 50% carbendazim (600x) or 20% copper oxychloride (root drench). For powdery mildew, apply 50% sulfur suspension (600x) or 15% triadimefon (1500–2000x). Repeat every 7–10 days for 3–4 applications. If both aphids and mildew are present, use 1.8% emamectin benzoate (2000x). Always follow label instructions and avoid mixing chemicals without guidance.
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