Banana Wilt Disease is a highly destructive and globally regulated plant disease caused by *Fusarium oxysporum* f. sp. *cubense*. In our province, the main strains are Race 1 and Race 4. Race 1 primarily affects pink bananas, while Race 4 infects both standard and red bananas. The pathogen can persist in the soil for several years, leading to yield losses of over 20% and, in severe cases, total crop failure.
In the early stages of infection, the lower edges of the leaves and leaf sheaths turn yellow and gradually spread toward the midrib, causing the entire leaf to yellow and wither quickly. The petiole folds near the base, resulting in drooping leaves. As the disease progresses, all leaves, except the central one, turn brown and dry from the bottom up. The pseudostem cracks at the base, and the entire plant eventually wilts. When cut open, the rhizome, bulb, and pseudostem show red-brown vascular discoloration.
The disease is a soil-borne vascular infection, with infected seedlings and contaminated soil being the primary sources of transmission. Factors such as high temperatures, heavy rainfall, acidic soil, sandy loam, low fertility, poor drainage, compacted soil, and continuous cropping favor disease development. Symptoms typically appear between June and July after planting, worsen from August to September, and peak between October and November. Long-distance spread occurs through the movement of infected seedlings, soil, and agricultural equipment, as well as water and conidia carrying the pathogen.
To prevent and control the disease, strict quarantine measures must be implemented. First, nursery management should ensure that only disease-free suckers are used for tissue culture. Greenhouses should be located on elevated ground, away from banana fields, and use pathogen-free soil and clean water. Formalin and carbendazim should be used for disinfection, and tools entering or leaving the area must be strictly sanitized. Only certified healthy seedlings (first and second class) should be planted, and no diseased soil or unverified seedlings should be moved into disease-free zones.
Second, infected plants must be removed promptly. Diseased plants should be dug up and dried in place. A glyphosate solution (15 cm height, 10 ml for large plants, 3 ml for seedlings) can be injected to kill them. After they die, the plants should be burned or buried deeply. In areas with scattered infections, the land should be replanted with non-host crops. In severely affected areas, lime or carbendazim should be applied around the infected plants to disinfect the soil.
Third, agricultural practices should include sterilizing planting sites, tools, and organic fertilizers with lime or carbendazim. Disease-free propagation materials, such as buds and tissue cultures, along with resistant varieties, should be used. Low-pressure micro-sprinkler systems, reduced tillage, and proper application of phosphorus, potassium, or organic fertilizers can help manage the disease. Crop rotation with rice or other non-host crops is also recommended.
Finally, chemical control involves applying carbendazim or similar agents 2–3 times in infected fields to reduce pathogen levels in the soil. These combined strategies are essential to effectively manage and prevent the spread of Banana Wilt Disease.
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