Greenhouse tomatoes are often affected by fruit deformities during the growing process, which can significantly reduce their market value and cause economic losses for farmers. These deformities include various types such as pointed fruits, multi-prismatic shapes, disc-like forms, and irregular growths at the base or top of the fruit. Some fruits may also split open or have exposed seeds, further diminishing their quality.
Among these, the most common deformities observed in commercial tomato cultivation are pointed, multi-prismatic, and disc-shaped fruits. These issues not only affect the appearance but also the overall yield and profitability of the crop. Therefore, it's essential for growers to understand the causes and implement effective prevention strategies.
The main causes of fruit deformation include:
1. **Low night temperatures** during flower bud development, especially when temperatures drop to 5–6°C or even 3–4°C. This is a common issue in winter and early spring, leading to malformed buds in the first few trusses.
2. **Stunted seedlings** due to prolonged exposure to low temperatures or drought conditions. This can lead to the formation of corky tissues in the flowers, which struggle to adapt when conditions improve, resulting in cracked or misshapen fruits.
3. **Excessive nitrogen fertilizer application**, which can cause overdevelopment of flower buds and lead to multiple chambers within the fruit, resulting in multi-ventricular deformities.
4. **Improper use of plant hormones** like 2,4-D or Tomato Ling Linghua to prevent flower drop. Incorrect concentrations, repeated applications, high temperatures during flowering, or dry soil conditions can all contribute to fruit deformities. It’s important to apply these hormones carefully and follow proper guidelines.
To manage and reduce fruit deformities, the following control measures are recommended:
1. **Improve seedling management** by maintaining optimal temperatures—soil temperature should be kept between 20–25°C, and night temperatures around 13–17°C after transplanting. Keep the soil consistently moist and ensure short internodes with healthy growth over about 30 days.
2. **Remove the first few trusses** (typically 2–3) before flowering, as they are more prone to developing deformed fruits.
3. **Balance fertilization** by using a combination of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. Avoid excessive nitrogen, which can trigger overdevelopment of flower buds. Water according to the plant’s needs, weather conditions, and growth stage, ensuring consistent moisture without overwatering.
4. **Carefully apply hormone treatments**. When using 2,4-D, make sure to apply it correctly by holding the calyx and pedicel. The concentration should be adjusted based on the temperature—lower concentrations in warmer weather and higher in cooler conditions. Also, avoid repeated pollination by marking open flowers with red ink or a marker.
5. **Use growth regulators wisely**. If seedlings become too vigorous, avoid extreme measures like severe drought or excessive chemical treatments. Instead, enhance ventilation, control humidity, and consider using a diluted solution of 800 times harvest 1 (e.g., 1–2 sprays) to regulate growth effectively.
By implementing these practices, growers can significantly reduce the occurrence of fruit deformities, improve yield quality, and maintain better economic returns from their tomato crops.
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