There is not a significant difference in tree species used for shelterbelts compared to other forest types. This is because timber forests and economic forests also serve protective functions. Many tree species are multipurpose, meaning they can be grown in functional or economic forests while still offering environmental benefits. Only specific timber species are cultivated primarily for large-scale wood production and high growth rates. Economic forest trees, on the other hand, require higher yields of by-products and often have more complex management needs. The main purpose of afforestation for wood and by-products is not just production but also ecological benefits.
Some afforestation projects have specific goals, such as farmland shelterbelts, road protection forests, soil and water conservation forests, and water conservation forests. Each of these requires selecting tree species with different characteristics. For example, eucalyptus, poplar, pine, Japanese larch, and acacia are suitable for fiber forests. Paulownia, poplar, and maple are ideal for plywood production. For farmland shelterbelts, paulownia, poplar, and chigi are commonly used. For soil and water conservation, species like pine, hedgehog, cockroach, coffin, and amorpha are preferred.
In Southwest China, common shelterbelt species include Pinus massoniana, Yunnan pine, Simao pine, cypress, Bashan pine, spruce, alpine pine, redwood, sangzi, and emblica. Economic forest species in the region include tung tree, camellia, lacquer tree, linden tree, Dalbergia japonica, black wattle, eucommia bark, astragalus, black peony, white wax, star anise, honokiol, tea tree, palm, and bamboo.
Over the past decade, many of these species have undergone extensive genetic improvement, resulting in selected provenances, pedigrees, and clones that are well-suited for different regions. For example, Chinese fir, masson pine, yunnan pine, cypress, pine, and eucalyptus are currently used in timber forest development.
To promote diverse afforestation and avoid the over-reliance on a few species, several promising tree species are recommended for trial planting or wider adoption. These include Liriodendron chinense, Betula platyphylla, Schima superba, Manglietia, and smiling trees. Spruce, redwood, and eucalyptus are widely planted, while some rare timber species like Phoebe bournei, Amaranthus (such as red vertebrae), Maijingshan, and Huangshan are being studied for potential afforestation use.
By focusing on a mix of species, we can enhance ecological resilience, improve productivity, and support sustainable forestry practices.
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