There is no significant difference in tree species used for shelterbelts compared to other forest types. This is because timber forests and economic forests also serve protective functions. Many tree species are multi-purpose, meaning they can be cultivated in functional or economic forests as well as in shelterbelts. However, certain species are specifically grown for timber production, focusing on bulk wood and high growth rates. Economic forest species, on the other hand, require higher yields of by-products, such as fruits, oils, or medicinal materials.
The primary purpose of afforestation for wood and by-products is not just about production but also about ecological benefits. Some afforestation projects have specific goals, such as farmland protection, road stabilization, soil and water conservation, or water retention. Each of these requires selecting tree species with unique characteristics.
For example, eucalyptus, poplar, pine, larch, and acacia are suitable for fiber production. Paulownia, poplar, and maple are ideal for plywood. For farmland shelterbelts, paulownia, poplar, and chigi are commonly used. In soil and water conservation areas, pine, hawthorn, cockroach, coffin tree, and amorphous are preferred.
In Southwest China, common shelterbelt species include Pinus massoniana, Yunnan pine, Simao pine, cypress, Bashan pine, spruce, alpine pine, redwood, sangzi, and emblica. Economic forest species in the region include tung tree, camellia, lacquer tree, linden, Dalbergia japonica, black wattle, eucommia bark, astragalus, black peony, white wax, star anise, honokiol, tea, palm, and bamboo.
Over the past decade, extensive genetic improvements have been made to these species, resulting in the selection of superior provenances, pedigrees, and clones. Afforestation efforts now focus on choosing regionally appropriate varieties. Currently, Chinese fir, masson pine, yunnan pine, cypress, pine, and eucalyptus are widely used for timber forests.
To promote diverse afforestation and avoid over-reliance on a limited number of species, several promising tree species are recommended for trials or broader planting. These include Liriodendron chinense, Betula platyphylla, Schima superba, Manglietia, and various flowering trees. Spruce, redwood, and eucalyptus remain popular choices for afforestation.
Precious timber species like Phoebe bournei, Amaranthus (such as red vertebrae), Maijingshan, and Huangshan are being studied for future afforestation efforts, with potential for wider planting in the coming years.
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