First, the storage characteristics of cottonseed
The seed coat of cottonseed is thick, and it usually has fluff on the surface of seed coat. Its thermal conductivity is very poor. It can be stored under low-temperature and dry conditions and its life span can reach more than 10 years. It is a long-lived type in crop seeds. However, if the moisture and temperature are high, it is easily deteriorated and the viability is completely lost within a few months.
(I) Good resistance to possession
After maturity, the seed coat structure is dense and hard, and the external wax layer can prevent the influence of external temperature and humidity. The seed coat contains about 7.6% tannic acid, which has a certain antibacterial effect. Therefore, biologically speaking, cottonseed belongs to long-lived seeds. However, immature seeds are loose and shrinking, and their ability to resist external temperature and humidity is poor and their life span is also short. Cottonseeds, which are usually rolled from pre-frost flowers, are full and full of material, and the seed shells are hard and relatively resistant to storage. The cottonseeds rolled from the flowers after the frost have soft seed coats and loose material contents. Under the same conditions, the water content is higher than that of the cottonseeds harvested before the frost, and the physiological activity is also relatively strong. Therefore, the storage stability is poor.
The proportion of infertile grains in cottonseeds is higher. According to statistics, cotton accounts for about 10%, and upland cotton accounts for about 18%. Cotton seed has more mechanical damage after ginning, generally accounting for 15% to 29%. Especially after the treatment of rolling linters, the machine loss rate can reach as high as 30% to 40%. The above-mentioned seeds themselves have strong physiological activities and are susceptible to various factors in the storage environment and are not resistant to storage.
Before cottonseeds are put into storage, an inspection shall be carried out. The safety standards are as follows: moisture does not exceed 11% to 12%, impurities do not exceed 0.5%, germination rate should be above 90%, no mildew, no pests, no damage The seeds of the flower before the frost and the seeds of the flower after the frost cannot be mixed together. The latter is usually not used as a seed.
(B) Poor ventilation
The surface of a typical cottonseed plant is called lint. The portion of cotton velveteen that remains on the cottonseed after ginning is called short fiber, which accounts for about 55% of the seed weight. It has poor thermal conductivity, and it has a very good heat preservation capacity and is not easily affected by external temperature and humidity. If the temperature inside the heap of cottonseed is low, it can prolong the time of low temperature. On the contrary, the heat in the heap is not easy to spread out. Short fluff is a dead material easily adsorbed water molecules, easy to mold in wet conditions, when the relative humidity of 84% to 90% when the mold grows quickly, release a lot of heat, accumulated in the cottonseed heap can not be distributed to cause fever, dry The cottonseed is very easy to burn, and special attention must be paid to fire prevention during storage.
(3) Oily, easy to be rancid
The fat content of cottonseed is relatively high, about 20%, of which unsaturated fatty acid content is relatively high, susceptible to high temperature, high humidity and fatty acid defeat. In particular, the seeds rolled in the flowers after the frost are more susceptible to rancidity and loss of viability. The main insect pests after cottonseed storage are cotton bollworms. The larvae are brought into the field and can continue to feed on the cottonseeds in the warehouse. The larvae winter in the shed and emerge into the field after the spring of the second year. Therefore, it is very important for cottonseeds to be pest control before and after storage.
The seed cottonseed fleece bears germs, which can be removed with a depilatory cashmere machine or with concentrated sulfuric acid to eliminate these germs and to save storage capacity. It is also more convenient for spring sowing, and the seeds will not tangled with one another. , so that the seeds falling evenly, also has a certain role in the promotion of water absorption. However, it should be noted that depilated cottonseed is prone to heat during storage, and inspection and proper ventilation must be enhanced.
Second, cotton seed storage technology
It takes about 5 to 6 months for the cottonseed to go from rolling to sowing. During this period, if the temperature and humidity control is not proper, it will cause the increase of free fatty acids inside the cotton embryos, which will lead to vigorous breathing and microbial reproduction, resulting in heat mildew and loss of viability. When ginning, it is necessary to reduce damaged grains to increase the rate of healthy seeds to ensure seed quality. In addition, the following technical links should be mastered.
(I) Reasonable stacking
Cottonseed can be packaged and bulk-packed. Although the pressure on the bulkhead is very small in bulk, it should not be piled too high. Generally, only about half of the storage capacity can be filled, and no more than 70% of it can be used for ventilation. When stacking, it must be compacted, and the cottonseed can be compacted by the edge loading method to prevent the moisture from entering the heap to make the short pile absorb moisture. Cottonseeds in Central and South China are not suitable for compaction. The best storage of cottonseeds is the cold storage of cold seeds during the cold period in winter, which can extend the cold time. However, when the temperature inside the reactor is high, a ventilator braided with bamboo rafts should be inserted for low-stack or low-stack reactors to facilitate ventilation and heat dissipation.
(B) strict control of moisture and temperature
Our country has a vast territory and its storage methods should be adapted to local conditions. The temperature in winter and spring in North China is low, and the water content of cottonseed is below 12%. It has been suitable for storage for a long time. The storage method can be stored in bulk with open cofferdams; if the temperature in winter is too low, a protective cover must be added on the periphery to prevent any And surface cottonseeds are frozen. Moisture in more than 12% ~ 13% of cottonseed should pay attention to regular temperature measurement work to prevent fever deterioration. If the moisture content exceeds 13%, it is necessary to re-dry the air and reduce the moisture before entering the warehouse. To reduce the moisture of cottonseed, it is not suitable to use artificial heating and mechanical drying method to avoid burning of cotton fiber.
In central and southern China, the temperature and humidity are relatively high. There must be corresponding warehouse equipment and bulk storage methods. The safe moisture requirement shall be less than 11%. It shall not be compacted when stacked. The ventilation and cooling equipment shall be provided in the warehouse. During storage, the seed temperature shall not exceed 15°C. The long-term storage of cottonseed moisture must be controlled below 10%.
(III) Inspection Management
1. The temperature check should be checked once a day from September to October. After entering the winter, the moisture content is below 11%, check every 5 to 10 days, and 12% or less should be checked daily. The method can use a bamboo pipe inserted every 3m, the pipe is about 2cm thick, and one end is made into a conical shape for easy insertion into the pile. The bamboo tube is divided into upper, middle, and lower layers. Each thermometer is placed one at a time.
2. If pests are found before storage, they may be subjected to high-temperature exposure after ginning, or hot air at about 60°C may be passed through the seed for 5 minutes, and then bagged and stuffy for 2 hours to kill the pink bollworm. It is also possible to provide a groove below the piled high line around the wall in the chamber and put insecticides in the tank to kill the overwintering larvae when they climb into the tank.
3. Fireproof cottonseed has short fluff, its oil content is high, it is easy to cause burning when it encounters fire, and it is often difficult to notice when it starts to burn. Once it is discovered, it has caused fire and should be given full attention. In management, it is strictly forbidden to approach the cottonseed warehouse, and no flammable materials can be piled around the warehouse. Workers must not bring lighters, matches, etc., and they must not be allowed to smoke inside the library. Iron can not even occur in the library collision phenomenon, so as to avoid sparks cause fire.
(D) Storage of cotton wool seed
Cotton wool dehulled refers to seeds that have been treated with demineralization or sulfuric acid. Although these cottonseeds have been processed, their shells have not been broken, but the seed coats are generally subject to mechanical abrasion or corrosion, and the water permeability increases, and they are more susceptible to external temperature and humidity, and are not resistant to storage. It is easy to cause fever during storage. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen the inspection of cotton woolseeds, and it is more advantageous to adopt ventilation modes such as packing ventilation or cofferdams and low stacks.
Third, the method of storage of coated cottonseed
Generally coated seeds should not be stored for a long period of time. Because of the use of highly coated cottonseeds with highly toxic pesticides, they cannot be re-sold and can only be disposed of deeply. This wastes seeds and pollutes the environment.
According to the study, as long as we do a good job of safe storage, the seed germination rate and the field emergence rate can still maintain the original level, and can still be used in the following year, which can not only save the seeds, but also increase economic efficiency. The characteristics and methods of storage of cottonseeds are summarized below:
(1) The fleece-coated cotton seeds tend to absorb moisture, heat, and reduce the germination rate in summer and autumn. Therefore, it is necessary to build a ventilation raft and place thermometers evenly on the upper, middle, and lower sides of the seedlings to understand temperature changes. In the hot and humid season, it should be tested once a day. The temperature of cottonseed should be kept below 20°C. If there is any abnormality, immediately take measures such as opening a warehouse or cooling down. It is best to put it in a low-temperature store to ensure that the seeds are safer over the summer.
(2) The fleece-coated cottonseed has a few coats that are brittle, thin, and have many mechanical damages. If the pressure is large, the seed coat will break. Therefore, the bag seed height in storage should not exceed 2m.
(3) The coated cotton seeds are highly toxic and give off irritating odors. Other seeds should not be stored in the warehouse. At the same time, personal safety should be taken care of to prevent poisoning.
In two kinds of Incompatible Liquids, adding one kind of assistant can make one of the liquids dispersed in another liquid with very small particles or liquid beads, and become a more stable emulsion. This action is called emulsification, and the auxiliaries that play the role are called emulsifiers.
Surfactant is a substance which can significantly reduce the surface tension of solvent (generally water) or the interfacial tension between liquid and liquid, change the surface state of voxels and produce ethylene to meet the application requirements.
Emulsification, dispersion and solubilization. Solubilization: The presence of micelles increases the solubility of substances in solvents. This phenomenon is called solubilization.
Solubilization is different from emulsification. When one liquid is dispersed in the other, the system is unstable and eventually stratified. Solubilization can make the system more stable. When the surfactant concentration of the solution reaches the critical micelle concentration, the micelle can dissolve the oily substance in its own lipophilic part. In pesticide emulsifiers, surfactants have obvious solubilization effect on pesticides, which helps to improve the emulsifying performance, especially the stability, and can reduce the amount of emulsifiers.
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